小麦间作豌豆和挥发物释放结合不同器械施药对麦田害虫和天敌的影响

doi:10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2021.09.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 利用作物间作和挥发物释放的农田害虫生态调控“推-拉”技术，可以增加田间生物多样性，提高天敌的控害效果，减少农药使用。然而，为了实现害虫防控的农药减施增效目的，不同施药器械施药结合生态调控技术对害虫和天敌种群动态以及作物产量的影响研究较少。本研究采用新型自走式喷雾机和传统手动背负式喷雾器两种施药器械，分别对单作小麦、小麦豌豆间作、小麦豌豆间作＋蚜虫报警激素反式-β-法尼烯（EBF），以及小麦豌豆间作＋水杨酸甲酯（MeSA）等处理下施用杀虫和杀螨剂，系统调查分析四种处理对小麦产量、小麦蚜虫、红蜘蛛，以及相关天敌发生量的影响。结果显示，自走式喷雾机的施药速度显著高于手动背负式喷雾机。不同施药器械防治小麦害虫可以显著影响小麦的穗粒数和产量。自走式喷雾机施药的间作＋MeSA处理的小麦千粒重和产量明显高于其他处理。在单作田中，两种施药器械对荻草谷网蚜和瓢虫平均发生量无显著影响，自走式喷雾机施药处理的禾谷缢管蚜、红蜘蛛和天敌僵蚜的发生量显著降低。自走式喷雾机施药的间作＋MeSA田的荻草谷网蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和红蜘蛛的发生量明显低于其他处理，而瓢虫的发生量显著高于其他处理。两种药械施药情况下，间作＋MeSA田小麦上僵蚜量均明显高于单作田。两种施药器械施药前，单作和间作＋MeSA田红蜘蛛发生量较低；施药后间作＋MeSA处理的小麦红蜘蛛密度一直维持比较低的水平；间作＋EBF和间作＋MeSA的两个处理在喷药后第二次调查才达到红蜘蛛数量低峰，而同期的单作处理红蜘蛛发生数量有明显回升。总之，小麦间作＋MeSA处理可以显著增加小麦产量，对于麦田小麦蚜虫和红蜘蛛的防控效果和对天敌的吸引保护效果最好。对麦田喷药效率、对害虫防控效果和增加小麦产量综合评价，自走式喷雾机具有明显优势。然而，需要注意的是对比传统手动喷雾器喷药可能对天敌寄生蜂有更强的非靶标作用。

关键词: 施药器械, 间作, 挥发物释放, 荻草谷网蚜, 禾谷缢管蚜, 麦红蜘蛛, 天敌

Abstract: The push-pull technology of pest control through intercropping with volatile release can increase the biodiversity in the field and the control efficiency of natural enemies, and reduce the use of pesticides. However, there are few studies on the effects of different spray equipments on pests and natural enemies under different control measures. In this study, insecticides were applied by self-propelled sprayer and manual knapsack sprayer for insect pest control in the four treatments, mono-cropping field, wheat-pea intercropping field, wheat-pea intercropping with aphid alarm pheromone (E-β-farnesene (EBF)) release field, and wheat-pea with MeSA release field. The results showed that the spraying speed of the self-propelled sprayer was much faster than that of the manual knapsack sprayer. The number of wheat grains per spike and yield per hectare were significantly affected by spraying device. The thousand grain weight and yield per ha of the intercropping with methyl salicylate (MeSA) release treatment with self-propelled sprayer were significantly higher than those in all the other treatments. Sprayer had little effect on the average numbers of Sitobion miscanthi and ladybird in the mono-cropping field. However, the numbers of Rhopalosiphum padi, mites and mummies in the self-propelled sprayer treatments were lower than those in the manual knapsack sprayer treatments. The average numbers of S. miscanthi, R. padi and mites in intercropping with volatile release treatment were significantly lower than those in the other treatments when the self-propelled sprayer was applied except that the number of ladybird was to the contrary. Intercropping with MeSA significantly increased the number of mummies in wheat compared with mono-cropping, regardless of spraying method. The density of mites was lower in mono-culture and intercropping with MeSA treatments before spraying. The density of mites remained low in the intercropping with MeSA treatment after spraying. The number of mites in intercropping with MeSA or EBF release treatments dropped to a trough in the second survey after spraying. In contrast, in the monoculture treatment, the number of mites picked up significantly. In conclusion, wheat-pea intercropping with MeSA release treatment significantly increases wheat yield and provides the best control of wheat aphids and mites and the best protection of natural enemies. Self-propelled sprayer has obvious advantages over knapsack sprayer in pesticide spraying efficiency, pest control efficacy and increase of wheat yield, but may have a stronger non-target effect on natural enemies than manual knapsack sprayer.

Key words: spray equipment, intercropping, volatilen release, Sitobion miscanthi, Rhopalosiphum padi, mite, natural enemy

中图分类号:

S476

谭晓玲, 闫甲, 苗进, 孙靖轩, 陈巨莲. 小麦间作豌豆和挥发物释放结合不同器械施药对麦田害虫和天敌的影响[J]. 中国生物防治学报, 2021, 37(5): 904-913.

TAN Xiaoling, YAN Jia, MIAO Jin, SUN Jingxuan, CHEN Julian. Effects of Wheat-pea Intercropping with Volatile Release Combined with Different Device Application on Wheat Pests and Natural Enemies in Wheat Field[J]. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 2021, 37(5): 904-913.

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