食用菌病害生物防治研究进展

doi:10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2026.02.051

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 食用菌产业已成为我国第五大农业支柱产业，但工厂化栽培中高温、高湿、密闭的环境为病原菌定殖与蔓延创造了有利条件，严重威胁产量与品质。化学防治因病原菌抗药性、对食用菌菌丝的选择性毒性及残留安全风险等问题面临严峻挑战，生物防治作为绿色可持续策略备受关注。本文系统梳理了食用菌主要病害种类及其生物防治研究进展。细菌性病害以托拉斯假单胞菌引起的褐斑病最为突出，而真菌性病害则涵盖木霉病、疣孢霉病、链孢霉病、干泡病、蛛网病等，病原种类繁多且危害严重。生物防治资源主要包括芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属及酵母等拮抗微生物，以及肉桂精油、百里香精油等植物源提取物，其作用机制包括分泌脂肽类抗菌物质破坏细胞膜，产生胞外水解酶降解细胞壁以及使致病毒素线性化失活等。尽管许多生物防治在实验室内研究展现出良好防效，但在实际应用中仍面临病原菌精准鉴定困难、实验室与田间效果差异大、规模化生产成本高以及标准化与监管体系不完善等挑战。未来应加强病原菌监测与基因组学研究，优化生防菌剂配方与施用技术，降低产业化成本，并建立健全标准与监管框架，以推动生物防治在食用菌病害综合治理中的有效应用。

关键词: 食用菌, 病害, 生物防治, 作用机制, 绿色农业

Abstract: Objective The edible mushroom industry has become the fifth largest agricultural pillar industry in China, but the enclosed, high-temperature, high-humidity, and poorly ventilated conditions in factory cultivation have created favorable circumstances for pathogen colonization and spread, severely threatening yield and quality. Chemical control faces serious challenges due to pathogen resistance, selective toxicity to mushroom mycelia, and residue safety risks, whereas biological control has attracted increasing attention as a green and sustainable strategy. This paper systematically reviews the major types of edible mushroom diseases and the research progress in their biological control. Among bacterial diseases, brown blotch caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii is the most prominent; fungal diseases include green mold, wet bubble disease, red bread mold, dry bubble disease, and cobweb disease, with diverse pathogens and severe damage. Biocontrol resources mainly consist of antagonistic microorganisms such as Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and yeasts, as well as plant-derived extracts like cinnamon and thyme essential oils. Their mechanisms of action encompass the secretion of lipopeptide antimicrobials that disrupt cell membranes, the production of extracellular hydrolases that degrade cell walls, and the linearization inactivation of pathogenic toxins. Although many biocontrol agents have shown promising efficacy in laboratory studies, their practical application still faces difficulties in accurate pathogen identification, significant gaps between laboratory and field performance, high costs of scaled-up production, and incomplete standardization and regulatory systems. Future efforts should focus on strengthening pathogen surveillance and genomic research, optimizing biocontrol formulations and application techniques, reducing industrial production costs, and establishing comprehensive standards and regulatory frameworks, so as to promote the effective integration of biological control into integrated management of edible mushroom diseases.

Key words: edible fungi, diseases, biological control, mechanisms of action, sustainable agriculture

中图分类号:

S476

孙文矫, 徐海舟, 卢彩鸽, 郭远, 宋爽, 刘媛媛, 刘宇, 徐方旭, 张殿朋. 食用菌病害生物防治研究进展[J]. 中国生物防治学报, 2026, 42(4): 1017-1028.

SUN Wenjiao, XU Haizhou, LU Caige, GUO Yuan, SONG Shuang, LIU Xuanxuan, LIU Yu, XU Fangxu, ZHANG Dianpeng. Advances in Biological Control of Edible Mushroom Diseases[J]. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 2026, 42(4): 1017-1028.

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