利用天敌昆虫治理豚草的研究进展

doi:10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2015.05.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 豚草Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.起源于北美洲,一年生草本植物,靠种子繁殖。豚草在入侵地逃离了天敌等生物因子的制约,种群得以快速发展,并暴发成灾,对人类健康、农牧业生产、生态环境等均造成严重的影响。从20世纪60年代开始,许多国家从原产地寻找天敌,开始豚草生物防治。我国从20世纪80年代,先后从国外引进了5种植食性昆虫,对其生物学、生态学特性及其应用等开展了研究,最终确认豚草条纹叶甲和豚草卷蛾是2种具有应用前景的天敌昆虫。这两种天敌昆虫在野外释放后,仅有豚草卷蛾能在野外成功建立种群,一定程度上延缓了豚草种群的蔓延。随后,2001年,在南京市郊的豚草上发现一种来自北美的广聚萤叶甲,经过寄主专一性测定后,发现其具有严格的寄主专一性。同时,这种叶甲气候适应能力、繁殖力和对豚草控制潜力均较强。在中国,广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾生态位互补的生物防治技术已被提出,并在南方各省市大面积推广应用,取了非常理想的控制效果。然而,广聚萤叶甲尚未能在北方建立种群,这给北方豚草的生物防治带来了许多困难。因此,通过野外创造有利于广聚萤叶甲成虫越冬的人工保护生境,或通过人工冷驯化和筛选获取高产耐寒种群,将有助于这些问题的解决。

关键词: 豚草, 天敌昆虫, 生物防治, 生态位互补, 寄主专一性

Abstract: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. is native to North America, it is an annual herb, and reproduces by seeds. Since A. artemisiifolia escapes from biotic factors (e.g. natural enemies), its population rapidly expands, and causes outbreak and disaster in the invasive areas. It has a serious impact on human health, ecological environment, agriculture and livestock breeding. Biological control work of A. artemisiifolia was started in the 1960's, many countries searched natural enemies in the native countries. In China, five phytophagous insects were chronologically introduced, and their biological and ecological characteristics and application were studied in the 1980's. Finally, Zygogramma suturalis and Epiblema strenuana were deemed to be available. After the two natural enemy insects were released, only E. strenuana could establish field population, and it can slow down the spread of A. artemisiifolia population to some extent. Whereafter, Ophraella communa was accidentally discovered in the suburb of Nanjing, Jiangsu province in 2001, and it is native in North America. After host specificity test was conducted, the results have demonstrated that it has a strict host specificity. In addition, the climatic adaptability, fecundity and control potential of the beetle were very well. In China, biological control technology of complementary ecological niche between O. communa and E. strenuana has been recommended, it has been popularized and applied, and had a good effect on A. artemisiifolia in the southern China. However, O. communa has not yet established field population in northern China, which has brought many difficulties for biological control of northern A. artemisiifolia. Therefore, how to create artificial protection habitat for overwintering of O. communa adults, or obtain a high fecundity and cold resistant population via artificial cold acclimation and screening, would help to solve the above problems.

Key words: Ambrosia artemisiifolia, natural enemy insects, biological control, ecological niche complementation, host specificity

中图分类号:

S476

周忠实, 郭建英, 万方浩. 利用天敌昆虫治理豚草的研究进展[J]. 中国生物防治学报, 2015, 31(5): 657-665.

ZHOU Zhongshi, GUO Jianying, WAN Fanghao. Review on Management of Ambrosia artemisiifolia Using Natural Enemy Insects[J]. journal1, 2015, 31(5): 657-665.

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