Abstract: As a classic beneficial rhizosphere fungus, Trichoderma not only directly antagonizes pathogens in agricultural ecosystems but also systemically induces broad-spectrum and long-lasting resistance in plants against pests and diseases, while enhancing crop resilience and yield, demonstrating significant application potential in the development of modern sustainable agriculture. Trichoderma interacts with the rhizospheric microbial community to optimize its structure and establish a rhizosphere microenvironment conducive to plant health. Meanwhile, Trichoderma or its metabolites function as elicitors, which are recognized by plant root immune receptors, thereby systemically activating defense signaling pathways within the plant and upregulating the expression of a series of defense-related genes. This process ultimately confers broad-spectrum resistance against a variety of pests and diseases in crops. In recent years, the integration of gene editing and synthetic biology technologies has been driving the development of Trichoderma-based agents into a new phase of precision design and rational modification. By directionally enhancing Trichoderma's biocontrol traits, environmental adaptability, and multifunctional synergy, unprecedented technological pathways are being opened up for the efficient, stable, and green control of crop pests and diseases. This article systematically reviews the mechanisms by which Trichoderma induces plant rhizosphere microecological immunity, its targeted regulatory effects, and its control mechanisms against pests, diseases, and weeds, along with the development of novel products and technologies. It also outlines the development technologies for new Trichoderma-based biocontrol products, analyzes the key technologies and challenges in the industrialization of Trichoderma biocontrol products, aiming to provide theoretical and technical references for the technological innovation and upgrading of China's Trichoderma biocontrol industry.

Key words: Trichoderma, induced systemic resistance (ISR), rhizosphere microbiome, biological control, Biopesticide