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The Occurrence Characteristics of Rice Diseases and Insect Pests and the Integration of Green Control Technology in China from 2013 to 2022
ZHUO Fuyan, CHEN Xuexin, XIA Yuxian, FU Qiang, WANG Su, XU Hongxing, HU Fei, ZHANG Jie
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
5
): 1207-1213. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2023.11.011
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Rice is the largest grain crop in China, and the control of rice diseases and insect pests are directly related to stable and increasing food production. Based on the analyses of the statistical data of plant protection in China from 2013 to 2022, this paper has summarized and reviewed the occurrence types, characteristics, areas and actual yield loss of rice diseases and insect pests and sorted out the control overview of rice diseases and insect pests, such as the control area, recovery yield loss, and the application of main control measures. In particular, the application area and development trend of green control technologies, such as ecological regulation, natural enemy’s protection and utilization are summarized. Meanwhile, This paper has analyzed and discussed the achievements of green control of rice diseases and insect pests from the perspectives of technology coverage and integrated content, put forward some suggestions for the next step of green control, aiming at providing references for the safe production of rice in China in the future.
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The Characteristic of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests in Greenhouse Horticulture and Its Green Control Strategy of China
WU Shengyong, ZHANG Mengdi, XU Jin, WANG Endong, CUI Li, LEI Zhongren, SHI Xiaobin, XIE Xuewen, WANG Shaoli, WANG Su, WEI Shujun, MA Zhongzheng, HE Limei, GAO Yulin
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
5
): 1169-1180. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2022.01.022
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Greenhouse horticultures has been rapid development in China, playing an important role in promotion agricultural modernization and rural revitalization. Based on the current trajectory of the horticulture industry in China, we first summarized the characteristic of plant diseases and insect pests and its control strategies, including the agricultural control, physical control, biological control, ecological regulation, biotechnology and science-based application of chemical pesticides. Finally, we put provide suggestions on the control of horticultural diseases and insect pests under protected conditions, providing baseline references for the sustainable development of horticultural industry.
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Advances in Biological Control of
Tuta absoluta
(Meyrick) Based on Predatory Natural Enemy Resources
LUO Taotao, YAN Shuyan, CAO Mengyu, ZHANG Jinghang, ZHANG Guifen, WAN Fanghao, ZHANG Ya, LI Tao, LIU Shuangqing, ZHANG Yibo
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
4
): 727-738. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.02.039
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Tuta absoluta
(Meyrick) is a major invasive alien species worldwide, which mainly damages tomato crops by mining leaves and fruits. Since its invasion in Yili, Xinjiang in 2017, it has spread to many provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) in China, with outbreaks in some places, seriously threatening the healthy production of China's tomato industry. At present, biological control based on predatory natural enemies is one of the main measures for integrated management of
T. absoluta
. So far, few review papers have been published on the predatory natural enemy resources of tomato leaf miner. Therefore, this paper systematically sorted out the species of predatory natural enemies of
T. absoluta
worldwide, summarized the predatory ability of predatory natural enemies of tomato leaf miner, the life parameters of predatory natural enemies of
T. absoluta
, and the effects of chemical pesticides on the prevention and control of
T. absoluta
by predatory natural enemies. The existing problems and development direction of
T. absoluta
control by predatory natural enemies were analyzed in order to provide reference for the biological control of
T. absoluta
in China.
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Virulence of Entomopathogenic Nematodes to
Holotrichia parallela
Larvae
ZHANG Cailing, WANG Zhimin, WANG Siyu, Ibrahim Osman, LI Kebin, ZHANG Shuai, CAO Yazhong, WANG Senshan, YIN Jiao
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
5
): 1009-1014. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2022.03.025
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The pathogenicity of seven entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) against the late 1
st
instar larvae of
Holotrichia parallela
was tested in laboratory to screen the effective strains of entomopathogenic nematodes for the
H. parallela
control, and the most suitable environmental conditions of strains were identified. Results showed that pathogenicity of seven EPNS strains were different under laboratory conditions, the
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
(D26-6) had the strongest pathogenicity to the larvae of
H. parallela
. In addition, temperature, soil moisture and dosage of EPNs all take effects on the pathogenicity. The optimum temperature and soil moisture for H. bacteriophora (D26-6) infection were 25 ℃ and 18% respectively, when the ratio of
H. parallela
larvae to D26-6 nematodes was 1:100, the mortality of
H. parallela
larvae can reach 100% after 11 days.
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Identification of Bacteria strain Sneb2010 and Its Control Effect on Melon
Fusarium
Wilt
WU Ji, ZHU Xiaofeng, WANG Yuanyuan, LIU Xiaoyu, ZHAO Di, YANG Ning, DUAN Yuxi, FAN Haiyan, CHEN Lijie
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
6
): 1331-1346. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.02.063
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Melon
Fusarium
wilt is a serious soil-borne disease caused by
Fusarium oxyporum
f. sp.
melonis
. In this study, the bacteria strain Sneb2010 with significant inhibitory effect on
F. oxyporum
f. sp.
melonis
was selected from 688 strains of bacteria by the dual culture technique, and the inhibition rate was 78.45%. The bacterium Sneb2010 was identified as
Bacillus velezensis
by morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics combined with 16S rDNA and
gyrA
sequence analysis. The mycelium growth and spore germination of
F. oxyporum
f. sp.
melonis
were significantly inhibited by strain Sneb2010. After Sneb2010 treatment, the mycelia of
F. oxyporum
f. sp.
melonis
in the inhibited area showed abnormal phenomena, such as wizened, wrinkled, irregular protrusion and fracture. Strain Sneb2010 could promote the germination of melon seeds and the growth of seedlins. It was found that the strain Sneb2010 could produce protease and had the ability of biofilm forming. In addition, strain Sneb2010 showed strong inhibitory effects on a variety of pathogenic fungi. The results of pot experiment showed that, the control effect of Sneb2010 on melon
Fusarium
wilt was 64.29%, the number of pathogens decreased by 47%. In conclusion,
B. velezensis
Sneb2010 could effectively control melon
Fusarium
wilt, and provide a new potential biocontrol resource for the biological control of melon
Fusarium
wilt.
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Predation of
Aphidoletes aphidimyza
on
Megoura crassicauda
WU Huizi, HUANG Chunyang, WEN Mingxia, ZHANG Weiye, YU Xiaofei, YANG Maofa, ZHANG Feng
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
6
): 1221-1227. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.03.016
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To determine the predation capacity of
Aphidoletes aphidimyza
to
Megoura crassicauda
, the functional responses of
A. aphidimyza
to
M. crassicauda
at different stages, the prey selection of
A. aphidimyza
on
M. crassicauda
at different stages and the interference effect of the density of
A. aphidimyza
on its predation capacity were studied in the laboratory. The results showed that the functional response of
A. aphidimyza
to each developmental stage of
M. crassicauda
was all fitted to the Holling II model. The predation capability of
A. aphidimyza
on young nymphs aged 1―2 of
M. crassicauda
was the strongest with a value of 16.23, followed by the 3
rd
instar nymph and the 4
th
instar nymph, with a value of 12.05 and 10.55, respectively. The daily maximum predation amount of
A. aphidimyza
on 1
st
―2
nd
instar nymph, 3
rd
instar nymph and 4
th
instar nymph of
M. crassicauda
were 29.24, 24.88, and 22.57.
A. aphidimyza
has a strong preference for the 1
st
―2
nd
instar nymph of
M. crassicauda
, with a selection coefficient (Q) of 1.67, 1.42, and 1.31, respectively. The total predation amount of
A. aphidimyza
on
M. crassicauda
increased with the density of
A. aphidimyza
, but the predation amount per predation number and predation rate decreased with the density of
A. aphidimyza
. The relationship between the rate and the density of
A. aphidimyza
were in line with the model
E1
＝0.2279p
-0.519
,
E2
＝0.2093p
-0.550
and
E3
＝0.2022p
-0.527
, respectively. The results showed that
A. aphidimyza
had strong predation capability in each of the different developmental stages of
M. crassicauda
. This provides a theoretical foundation and data support for the pest control of
M. crassicauda
by
A. aphidimyza
.
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Effects of Host Plant and Temperature on the Development and Reproduction of
Tetranychus truncatus
Ehara
Tuerxun·Ahemaiti, LIU Shuai, Aerziguli·Rouzi, WANG Bing, HA Ziyi, JIA Zunzun, DING Xinhua, FU Kaiyun, LI Kemei, GUO Wenchao
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
6
): 1228-1236. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.07.005
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Tetranychus truncatus
Ehara has a wide distribution, heterogeneous diet, fast reproduction rate, strong drug resistance and short-term outbreaks, making it an important pest mite that is seriously harmful and difficult to control, and the mite can also be used as a high-quality natural feed for some natural enemies insects. In this study, the effects of different host plants and temperature on the growth, development and reproduction of
T. truncatus
were studied. The results showed that the generation development of
T. truncatus
could be completed successfully at 25 ℃, 28 ℃, 31 ℃ and 34 ℃. At 28 ℃, the population doubling time (0.15) and Innate capacity for incease (1.73) were the shortest, the Net reproductive rate (80.26) and the Finite rate of increase (5.64) were higher than the other three temperatures, and the spawning period of
P. sericulata
was basically consistent with that at 25 ℃. But the spawning yield was higher than 25 ℃ continuously. After feeding on 8 host plants, there were significant differences in the life span of each mite state and the early oviposition stage, and the mite could survive and reproduce on 4 host plants, namely green bean, corn, eggplant and pepper, and the reproductive population showed an increasing trend, in which the number of oviposition was in the order of green beanm, corn, eggplant, pepper, peanut, tomato, cotton. The oviposition period of
T. truncatus
prunus on eggplant and green bean was basically the same, with the longest oviposition period reaching 28 d. The oviposition period of
T. truncatus
prunus on pepper was the shortest, with the longest oviposition period only reaching 21 d. In conclusion, the most suitable temperature and host plant for the growth and development of
Tetramethylus prunus
were 28 ℃ and green bean, respectively. In conclusion, the most suitable temperature and host plant for the growth and development of
T. truncatus
frustum were 28 ℃ and green bean, respectively. The aim of this study was to screen out the rather host and temperature for indoor breeding of
T. truncatus
laminae, so as to provide a stable feed source for the breeding of natural enemy insects, and also provide a theoretical basis for the comprehensive management of
T. truncatus
laminae.
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Development of Microbial Seed Coating Agents and Its Control Effect on Maize Stalk Rot
GUO Ning, MA Hongxia, ZHANG Haijian, SHI Jie, LIU Shusen, SUN Hua, ZHENG Xiaojuan
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
5
): 1054-1065. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.02.046
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In this study,
Trichoderma
strains with good control effects on maize stalk rot were screened by plate confrontation test, maize seed germination characteristics analysis and greenhouse pot experiments. The type, dosage and best combination of auxiliaries were determined by physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and orthogonal tests. Control effect of the developed biological seed coating agents on maize stalk rot was verified. The results showed that 17 of 109
Trichoderma
strains exhibited antagonistic activity against
Fusarium graminearum
with an average inhibitory rate of over 70%, among which 6 strains had the best control efficacy ranging from 80.33% to 85.64% on maize stalk rot at seedling stage. The active ingredients of two biological seed coating agents with
T. asperellum
strain Tr34 and
T. afroharzianum
strain Tr35 were developed, followed as 106 chlamydospores/mL, 0.2% xanthan gum, 2% sodium lignonate, 5% beinon film forming agent 1, and 1% 100 mg/mL streptomycin. When the ratios were 1:200 and 1:100, the biological seed coating agents Tr 34 and Tr 35 had the best control effect on maize stalk rot, with the efficacies of 81.14% and 83.18%, respectively. The biological seed coating agents Tr 34 and Tr 35 could effectively reduce the incidence of maize stalk rot, which lays a foundation for further field application.
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Effect of Age of Parasitoid on the Length of the Development and Brood Size of Offspring of
Sclerodermus alternatusi
Yang (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)
WANG Lina, TANG Yanlong, KANG Kui, WEI Ke, WANG Xiaoyi, YANG Zhongqi, ZHANG Yanlong
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
5
): 969-976. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.03.002
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The article compared the number of offspring, developmental biology, and sex ratio of
Sclerodermus alternatusi
Yang (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) in order to investigate the effect of parasitoid age on the length of the immature stage and brood size of offspring. One parasitoid per host was inoculated on
Thyestilla gebleri
larvae at intervals of 15 days under normal temperature conditions after the female emerged. The findings indicated that there was no discernible change between the parasitism and successful parasitism rates as parasitoid age increased. At different parasitoid ages, there were significant differences in the pre-oviposition duration of the female, the larval stage, the pupal stage, and the offspring’s developmental duration; however, there was no significant difference in the egg stage durations. The sizes of the female offspring and the total number of offspring varied significantly depending on the parasitoid's age. For example, when the mother female was 15 days old, 43.21 females and 47.21 offspring emerged from one host; when the mother female was 1 day, 30 days, and 45 days old, the number of females and offspring decreased slightly; and when the mother female was 60 days old, 26.12 females and 28.88 offspring obtained from one host. The number of male progeny that emerged from a single host was approximately 2—4; there was no discernible variation in the parasitoid ages, and the number of female offspring was substantially lower. At five mother female ages, the male offspring ratios were less than 10%, and at varied parasitoid ages, the winged female offspring significantly declined and were all less than 20%. When the mother female was less than 45 days old, the parasitoid would maintain parasitism effectively at room temperature and lay an adequate number of eggs. New sources for raising and managing
S. alternatusi
to suppress longhorn beetles are supplied by this work.
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Preparation of Wettable Powder Formulation of
Trichoderma harzianum
M-17 Chlamydospores and Its Field Control Effect on Potato Dry Rot
WANG Xigang, GUO Chengjin, JIAO Yang, ZHAO Pei, TIAN Jing, ZHANG Lirong, SHEN Ruiqing
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
6
): 1319-1330. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.02.061
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To development an efficient biocontrol antimicrobial agent of potato dry rot and prolong the shelf of the product, this study utilized
Trichoderma harzianum
M-17 as the primary research object. Single factor selection and formulation optimization were used to obtain the wettable powder (WP). The optimal formulation of WP was chlamydospore powder (20%), attapulgite (68%) as carrier, sodium dodecyl sulfonate (4%) as wetting agent, sodium carboxylcellulose (7%) as dispersion, and ascorbic acid (1%) as UV protective agent. The chlamydospore content of this WP was 3.1×10
8
CFU/g, the wetting time was 56.5 s, the spore suspension rate was 82.27%, pH 6.79, the moisture content was 2.26%, the ratio transiting standard test sieve with 74 µm was 98%. All indicators meet the national standards. The results of field experiments showed that
T. harzianum
M-17 chlamydospore wettable powder could promote the growth of potato plants and indicated a good control effect on potato dry rot, with a control efficacy of 70.32% and a yield increase rate of 19.03%. This study lays a technical foundation for the development of
T. harzianum
M-17 chlamydospore wettable powder into a microbial fungicide for the control of potato soil-borne diseases.
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Isolation and Identification of
Burkholderia cenocepacia
YM12 and Its Control Effect on Cucumber Soft Rot Disease
WEI Xinchen, WANG Qiao, SHI Bin, XIE Xuewen, SHI Yanxia, CHAI Ali, LI Baoju, LI Lei
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
5
): 1088-1098. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.02.059
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Soft rot of cucumber is a bacterial disease caused by
Pectobacterium brasiliense
. The disease is serious and difficult to control. In order to screen biocontrol microorganisms with high antibacterial effect, a strain YM12 with significant inhibitory effect on
P. brasiliense
was isolated from cucumber rhizosphere soil. Through morphological observation, physiological and biochemical determination and multi-gene phylogenetic tree analysis, the strain was identified as
Burkholderia cenocepacia
. Analysis of antibiotic synthesis-related genes showed that strain YM12 might also produce Pyrrolnitrin and Pyhluteorin. Analysis of biocontrol traits characteristics confirmed that YM12 had the ability to produce phosphatase protease and pyoverdine. The strain had antagonistic effects on 5 pathogenic bacteria and 3 pathogenic fungi by antimicrobial spectrum analysis. Pot experiment showed that strain YM12 had obvious control effect on cucumber soft rot, with the efficacy of 62.84%.In summary, strain YM12 is the first reported
B. cenocepacia
with biocontrol effect on bacterial soft rot, which has high biocontrol research value and development and application potential.
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Research Progress on the Utilization of Natural Enemy Insects of
Hyphantria cunea
(Drury)
ZOU Ping, CAO Liangming, SUN Shouhui, YANG Zhongqi, ZHANG Yanlong, WANG Xiaoyi
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
5
): 1194-1206. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2023.11.010
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The fall webworm is an international quarantine insect pest which is native to North America. It has been reported to have invaded 35 countries, as its strong dispersal ability, long damage period, and high fertility. Since it was discovered in Dandong City, Liaoning Province in northern China in 1979, the fall webworm has been spread towards the southern regions of China. Therefore, eradication is impossible, sustainable biological control would be a feasible approach. In this article, we summarized the predatory and parasitic species that served as natural enemies of the fall webworm worldwide. The diversity of natural enemies of fall webworm has been compared among different regions and different occurrence periods. Biological control techniques by using local and introduced natural enemies against the fall webworm have been summarized and analyzed. The introduction of natural enemies from its native ranges could achieve more effective control on the fall webworm populations, as native natural enemies were more adaptative to hosts with higher attack capability. Finally, the utilization prospects of natural enemies in controlling the fall webworm were discussed.
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Analysis of Factors Affecting the Sex Pheromone Trapping of the Tomato Leafminer
Tuta absoluta
(Meyrick) Moths
ZHANG Dan, LI Yanhui, HUANG Xinyang, JIANG Shuang, ZHANG Wanmin, MENG Wei, WANG Haojie, DU Yongjun
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
4
): 760-769. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.05.002
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The damage in the tomato crop caused by the tomato leafminer
Tuta absoluta
(Meyrick) can be devastating. Monitoring by sex pheromone trapping or control by mass trapping is one of the means of detection and control of pests. Extraction, identification and analysis of sex pheromones of female
T. absoluta
moths and their ratios from Xishuangbanna (Yunnan), Xichang (Sichuan), Chifeng (Inner Mongolia) and Shenyang (Liaoning) were employed in the study. In field experiments, we compared and analyzed the effects of some major factors related to sex pheromone trapping on the trapping efficacy. The results showed that there is no significant difference in the composition of the sex pheromone of the tomato leafminer at four sites in China. The main components were composed of (
E,Z,Z
)-3,8,11-tetradecatrienyl acetate (
E
3,
Z
8,
Z
11-14:Ac) and (
E,Z
)-3,8-tetradecadienyl acetate (
E
3
Z
8-14:Ac). The results showed that the purity and dosage of the sex pheromone compound
E
3
Z
8
Z
11-14:Ac are closely related to the number of moths attracted. The number of moths attracted by pheromone compound with 93% purity was 2.48 times that of 82%. The optimal dosage for Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) capillary as matrix was 900—1200 μg per lure. The wing-type sticky traps attracted twice as many moths as the diamond sticky traps. The best trap was the wing-type sticky trap with a green cover, and the distance between the cover and the sticky plate was 6—9 cm. The optimal height of trap setting was o cm, when the trap was placed on the soil level. As the height increased, the number of moths caught decreased. When the trap was placed higher than 120 cm, no moths were trapped. There was no difference in the location of the traps in the tomato greenhouse. These results will help improve the field application of sex pheromone trapping for monitroing and controlling the tomato leafminers.
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Impacts of Bee Pollens Consumption on Reproductive Fitness and Offspring Population Dynamics in
Chrysoperla sinica
Adults
LI Fulin, SONG Jingrong, GUO Lian, ZHANG Min, ZHANG Pengjiu, HE Lifei, YANG Jing, GAO Yue, LIU Zhongfang
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
6
): 1237-1242. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.11.002
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This study examined the impact of different bee pollens on reproductive fitness and offspring population dynamics of
Chrysoperla sinica
. Results showed that feeding on camellia bee pollen extended the pre-oviposition period of
C. sinica
adults to 6.00 days and significantly increased the total number of eggs laid to 228.30 per female, compared with the control group (5.00 days and 113.90 eggs). Corn bee pollen led to an average of 216.10 eggs per female, not significantly different from camellia bee pollen, but higher than the control group. However, rape bee pollen reduced female adults’ longevity to 12.20 d. All three treatments shortened the larval duration of the offspring significantly. Cocoon weight under camellia and corn bee pollen treatments was significantly higher than that of rape bee pollen treatment. In addition, camellia and corn bee pollen significantly improved the fecundity and longevity of offspring adults. Specifically, the total number of eggs laid per female increased from 116.80 in the control group to 275.70 and 253.40, respectively, while the longevity of female adults was extended from 20.45 d to 23.35 d and 25.70 d, respectively. After being treated with camellia and corn bee pollen, the net reproductive rate (
R
0
) of the offspring population significantly increased from 29.63 in the control group to 63.42 and 61.35, respectively. Meanwhile, intrinsic rate of increase (
r
m
) and finite rate of increase (
λ
) also exhibited notable enhancements, rising from 0.09 and 1.10 in the control group to 0.12, 1.12, and 0.11, 1.12, respectively. The population doubling time (
D
t
) was significantly shortened to 5.94 d and 6.08 d, respectively, compared with the control group (7.25 d). In conclusion, feeding
C. sinica
adults with corn bee pollen and camellia bee pollen can promote their fecundity and offspring population growth. These findings provide scientific basis for improving the indoor breeding efficiency of
C. sinica
.
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Insecticidal Activity of Extracts from 77 Species of Plants
YANG Xuetao, WANG Xiuping, PENG Fei, CHENG Caihong, WU Shengyong, XIE Haicui, YANG Yuedong
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
5
): 987-999. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2023.11.014
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In order to evaluate the insecticidal activity of 77 species of plants belonging to 39 families, leaf disc spray method, immersion method and spray method were used to determine the insecticidal activity of plant ethanol extracts against
Tetranychus urticae
,
Frankliniella occidentalis
(Pergande) and
Sitobion avenae
(Fabricius), and further determine the efficacy of plants with better insecticidal activity against
T. urticae
,
F. occidentalis
and
S. avenae
. The results showed that
Atropa belladonna
L.,
Sphagneticola calendulacea
,
Hypecoum erectum
L.,
Smilaz china
L.,
Hippophae rhamnoides
L.,
Dianthus chinensis
L.,
Campsis grandiflora
and
Eupatorium japonicum
extracts had high toxic on
T. cinnabarinus
, with the corrected mortality of more than 70% after 72 h; and the LC
50
value was 254, 297, 413, 424, 428, 553, 663, 725 mg/mL, respectively.
A. belladonna
L. and
S. calendulacea
extracts had high toxic on
F. occidentalis
, with the corrected mortality of more than 80% after 72 h; and the LC
50
value was 272, 306 mg/mL, respectively.
S. china
,
H. erectum
,
H. rhamnoides
,
Incarvillea sinensis
Lam.,
C. grandiflora
and
E. japonicum
extracts had high toxic on
F. occidentalis
, with the corrected mortality of 70%—80% after 72 h; and the LC
50
value was 446, 485, 523, 563, 710, 712 mg/mL, respectively.
Reynoutria japonica
Houtt.,
A. belladonna
,
Rubus crataegifolius
Bge,
Kochia scoparia
and
Stellera chamaejasme
L. extracts had high toxic on
S. avenae
, with the corrected mortality of more than 70% after 72 h; and the LC
50
value was 281, 336, 540, 657, 730 mg/mL, respectively. Plants such as
A. belladonna
, R. japonica,
S. calendulacea
and
S. china
have high corrected mortality rates against different tested insects, demonstrating potential insecticidal activity, which is worthy of further study.
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Predatory Function of
Hippodamia variegata
(Goeze) to
Tuta absoluta
PATIMA Wumuerhan, MA Zhao, ABULIZI Tayier, WANG Sijia, WANG Huiqing, FU Wenjun, MA Deying
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
4
): 787-792. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.05.003
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The control potential of Xinjiang’s dominant predatory natural enemy, the adult
Hippodamia variegata
(Goeze), on
Tuta absoluta
was assessed by investigating the predatory functional responses to the 1
st
, 2
nd
, and 3
rd
instar larvae of
T. absoluta
. The results showed that the daily predation amount of
H.variegata
adults on the 1
st
, 2
nd
and 3
rd
instar larvae of
T. absoluta
were 66.33, 60.00 and 40.33, respectively, showing a decreasing trend with the increase of larval instar. The predation functional response of
H.variegata
adults to the 1
st
, 2
nd
and 3
rd
instar larvae of
T. absoluta
conformed to the Holling II disc equation, with theoretical maximum predation amounts of 454.55, 161.29 and 81.97, respectively. The search effect of
H.variegata
adults on
T. absoluta
decreased with the increase of density and instar of
T. absoluta
larvae. The maximum search effects of
H.variegata
on the 1
st
, 2
nd
and 3
rd
instar larvae of
T. absoluta
were 0.7376, 0.7107 and 0.5303, respectively. The results show that
H.variegata
has good predation ability on the 1
st
, 2
nd
and 3
rd
instar larvae of
T. absoluta
, and can keep the larvae of
T. absoluta
in check to a certain extent. Therefore,
H.variegata
can be further developed and utilized as a biological control agent for
T. absoluta
.
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Isolation and Identification of
Bacillus tequilensis
YB-1145 and Evaluation of Its Biocontrol Effects on Wheat Crown Rot
LIU Qingxiang, XU Wen, DONG Qianqian, XIA Mingcong, ZHANG Jie, SUN Runhong, WU Chao, WU Kun, YANG Lirong
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
4
): 884-893. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.02.037
Abstract
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In order to identify a biocontrol strain for wheat crown rot, strain YB-1145 was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of wheat using the plate confrontation method. This strain exhibited significant inhibition of mycelium growth in six plant pathogens, including
Fusarium pseudograminearum
. Based on its morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical indicators, 16S rDNA and
gyrA
identification results, the strain was identified as
Bacillus tequilensis
. Biocontrol studies have demonstrated that YB-1145 has the capacity to secrete
β
-1, 3-glucanase, protease, IAA and solubilize inorganic phosphorus. Compared to the control, inoculation with YB-1145 suspension of 1×10
8
cfu/mL resulted in 76.1% reduction of wheat crown rot,17.1% increase of root length, 22.6% increase of plant height, and 71.4% increase of fresh weight. Following treatment with YB-1145, activities of PPO, CAT, PAL, POD and LOX in wheat seedling leaves were significantly enhanced. These findings indicate that the YB-1145 strain possesses substantial biocontrol potential through pathogen inhibition and growth promotion.
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Laboratory Pathogenicity and Control Efficiency of
Metarhizium anisopliae
and
Lecanicillium lecanii
Co-culture against
Phenacoccus solani
HUANG Peng, ZHANG Jie, YAO Jinai, YU Deyi, HOU Xiangyu
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
6
): 1267-1274. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2022.11.013
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To evaluate the biocontrol potential and prospect of
Metarhizium anisopliae
FM-03 and
Lecanicillium lecanii
LL-01 co-culture against the quarantine pest
Phenacoccus solani
, the affinity between these two strains, the sporulation and biomass of co-culture strains, and their laboratory pathogenicity and control efficiency against the mealybug were determined in this study. Results showed that these two strains grew normally and there was no obvious antagonistic effect to each other when they were co-cultured, because the affinity between these two strains was strong. The substance accumulation and insecticidal activity of co-culture strains FM-03 and LL-01 at the inoculation ratios 2:3 were optimal and significantly higher than the single culture strain. The total sporulation and biomass after ten days’ co-culture were 5.53×10
10
conidia/cm
2
and 0.72 g, respectively, and the sporulation proportions of strains FM-03 and LL-01 were 49.34% and 50.66%, respectively. The LC
50
value against the mealybug at ten day infection was 2.84×10
4
conidia/cm
2
. The cumulative mortality, co-infection proportion and LT
50
values for a dose of 1×10
8
conidia/mL were 97.73%, 67.01% and 3.63 d, respectively. In addition, the laboratory contro1 efficiency and co-infection proportion of the co-culture strains also enhanced with time, reaching 86.14% and 60.17% at twelve days post treatment with 1×10
8
conidia/mL. In conclusion, strains FM-03 and LL-01 co-culture at the suitable inoculation proportions has significant synergistic effect on the control of
P. solani
, suggesting that these two strains have an excellent potential in the development of compound biocontrol agent.
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Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Bacteria from Walnut Leaves and Their Biocontrol Potential against Walnut Anthracnose
GU Yuxin, WANG Shuhe, WANG Shenghao, LIU Shengming, KANG Yebin
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
5
): 1099-1112. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.02.058
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Walnut anthracnose, caused by several
Colletotrichum
genus species, is recognized as one of the most destructive and economically important diseases, resulting in considerable losses. The implementation of biological control is expected to provide a favorable alternative to chemical methods for disease management, as it is environmentally friendly, less prone to resistance development, and offers high safety levels. In the present study, an endophytic bacteria strain GYX7, isolated from healthy walnut leaves, exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity against the pathogens of walnut anthracnose, including
C. gloeosporioides
,
C. fructicola
,
C. siamense
,
C. fioriniae
and
C. aenigma
, with inhibition rates ranging from 70.56% to 80.78%. Microscopic examination indicated that strain GYX7 induced morphological distortions and lysis of the mycelium during confrontation culture. Furthermore, strain GYX7 demonstrated a broad-spectrum antifungal, inhibiting 13 phytopathogens except
Pythium aphanidermatum
. Based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and a phylogenetic tree constructed using 16S rDNA and
gyrB
gene sequences, strain GYX7 was identified as
Bacillus velezensis
. The volatile compounds produced by strain GYX7 were found to contribute to its biocontrol capabilities. The aseptic filtrate of strain GYX7 at a 20% concentration significantly inhibited the growth and spore germination of
C. fructicola
, with inhibition rates of 82.24% and 98.17%, respectively. Enzyme activity assays indicated that strain GYX7 produced various hydrolytic enzymes, including protease, cellulase, pectinase, and
β
-1,3-glucanase. Additionally, the strain was found to possess genes that encode antimicrobial substances, including surfactin, bacillomycin, fengycin, iturin, bacillaene, bacillibactin, bacilysin, macrolactin and difficidin, as identified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In vitro inoculation experiments showed that strain GYX7 effectively reduced the incidence and severity of walnut anthracnose. These findings suggest that strain GYX7 has the potential to be a biocontrol agent for managing walnut anthracnose.
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Advances in Research and Application of
Bacillus thuringiensis
for Controlling
Spodoptera frugiperda
XU Guoli, WANG Zeyu, WANG Kui, SHU Changlong, GENG Lili, LIAO Ming, ZHANG Jie
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
5
): 1181-1193. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2023.11.013
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The fall armyworm (
Spodoptera frugiperda
) is a major agricultural pest in the world. So far, it has spread to126 countries and regions around the world, causing serious damage to many major food and economic crops such as maize. Fall armyworm invaded China in January 2019 and quickly spread to 27 provinces. In 2021, the occurrence area of
S. frugiperda
has exceeded 1.38 millionha.
Bacillus thuringiensis
(Bt) is a gram-positive bacterium used to control agricultural pests. It has the characteristics of high efficiency and specificity for pests, environmental friendliness, and safety for humans and animals.Bt mainly relies on the insecticidal protein produced by it to exert its insecticidal effect. The sustainable control of fall armyworm mainly relies on genetically modified crops with Bt insecticidal genes and Bt microbial pesticides now. At present, a variety of high-efficiency Bt products such as Bt natural strains, genetically engineered Bt strains, and genetically modified (GM) crops have been developed in my country for the control of fall armyworm. This article will introduce the latest progress in the research of Bt control of fall armyworm domestic and abroad.
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