Chinese Journal of Biological Control

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Research Progress on Biological Control of Root Rot Disease in Root- and Rhizome-Derived Traditional Chinese Medicines

XIAO Ouli, WANG Jiale, CHEN Jieyin, DAI Xiaofeng, KONG Zhiqiang

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 511-519. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.037

Abstract （607）

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With the scarcity of wild medicinal plant resources and the increase in market demand, conventionally cultivated medicinal plants have become the dominant source in the market. However, due to soil degradation, imbalance in the rhizosphere microbial community, and the accumulation of allelopathic and autotoxic substances, root rot has emerged as a major disease in the cultivation of root- and rhizome-derived traditional Chinese medicines (RR-TCMs) in single, intensive, large-scale cultivation. It has a high incidence rate and is difficult to control, severely affecting the yield and quality of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Currently, the application of microbial biocontrol agents in the control of diseases and pests of medicinal plants offers promising prospects for the sustainable development of TCMs. This paper presents a review of the antagonistic microorganisms and biological control mechanisms of root rot disease in RR-TCMs, aiming to provide a reference for the control of root rot.

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Identification of Antagonistic Bacteria against Angelica Wilt and Their Effect on Promoting Growth and Disease Controlling

LI Zheng, WANG Yunyao, GUO Zengxiang, LUAN Hanyu, FU Yao, WANG Wei, JIN Ling, WANG Yan

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 561-570. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.031

Abstract （381）

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To clarify the classification status of antagonistic bacteria DST27 and HQT43 against Angelica wilt, evaluate their biocontrol effects, and provide theoretical basis for their development and utilization. The strain was identified using morphological characterization, physiological and biochemical traits, and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. The potential of biocontrol bacteria to promote the growth of Angelica sinensis, prevent the illness known as Angelica wilt, and influence the kinds and numbers of soil microorganisms in the plant's rhizosphere were all investigated through pot experiments. In the early stage, strains DST27 and HQT43 with phosphorus solubilization, nitrogen fixation, and antibacterial functions were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Codonopsis pilosula and Astragalus, preliminary identification of strain DST27 as Bacillus pumilus and HQT43 as Streptomyces albidoflavus. Significant differences (P＜0.05) were observed in the promotion effects of DST27 and its mixed inoculant (DST27:HQT43=1:1) on stem diameter, fresh weight, dry weight of aboveground part, fresh weight, and dry weight of underground portion. The findings demonstrated that the biocontrol agents' ability to prevent Angelica wilt outweighed their ability to treat it. The prevention effects of DST27, HQT43, and DST27+HQT43 (1:1) on Angelica wilt were 71.88%, 43.75%, and 73.53%, respectively, in the preventative group. The prevention and treatment effects in the treatment group were 65.62%, 34.38%, and 43.75%, in that order. Rhizosphere bacteria and actinomycetes dramatically increased following treatment with biocontrol bacteria, whereas the number of fungus significantly decreased. Actinomycetes and fungi in rhizosphere soil were most significantly affected by the mixed application of DST27+HQT43 at a 1:1 ratio. A good development and application prospect is presented by the combined application of DST27 and HQT43 in a 1:1 ratio, which may clearly alter the population of soil microorganisms and encourage crop growth in addition to having a good biocontrol effect.

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Parasitism of Different Species and Instars of Cotton Aphids by Binodoxys communis

MA Ningwei, XIA Shike, LIU Bing, HU Wanhong, WANG Peiling, LU Yanhui

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 635-641. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.05.030

Abstract （372）

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This study evaluated the parasitism of cotton aphids Aphis gossypii Glover, Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordvilko, and Aphis craccivora Koch by Binodoxys communis Gahan in Xinjiang cotton fields, as well as the effectiveness of host species and instars on the development duration and reproductive capacity of B. communis. Our results showed that, except Ac. gossypii, both A. gossypii and A. craccivora were hosts of B. communis, and B. communis preferred to parasitize A. gossypii. The younger instar A. gossypii and A. craccivora were parasitized more than the older instar nymphs and adults. Once parasitized, different instars of the same aphid species had no significant effect on the growth and development of the offspring of B. communis. Our study has identified the preferred host species and instars of cotton aphids by B. communis, and provided a scientific basis for utilizing B. communis for biological control of aphids in Xinjiang cotton fields.

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Screening, Identification, and Application Effects of Actinomycetes on Astragalus membranaceus Root Rot

YANG Bo, LI Yunxiang, XU Jinyu, SHA Yuexia

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 554-560. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.024

Abstract （362）

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To provided biocontrol germplasm resources for root rot disease in traditional Chinese medicine, screening, identification, and application evaluation of Streptomyces, an actinomycete with significant antibacterial effects against various Fusarium species, were carried out. The strain LQS-2 with significant antibacterial effect against Astragalus membranaceus root rot disease was screened from 120 strains of actinomycetes, and against the pathogenic bacterium F. moniliforme, F. solani N18-1-2, F. Verticillium 173, and F. oxysporum 295, the antibacterial rates each for 62.50%, 49.38%, 52.75%, and 67.50%. 16S rDNA sequence analysis and alignment showed that strain LQS-2 had the highest homology with the gene sequence of Streptomyces cellulosae, and combined with morphology, strain LQS-2 was determined to be S. cellulosae. The results of pot experiment showed that the greenhouse prevention effect of soaking the fermentation supernatant of S. cellulosiae LQS-2 combined with root irrigation on Astragalus membranaceus root rot disease was 69.50%. The field prevention effect of continuous root irrigation three times on Astragalus membranaceus root rot disease reached 76.02%, which was 2.55% and 18.76% higher than the control effect of microbial agents. After soaking in strain LQS-2, it showed a significant growth promoting effect on Astragalus membranaceus seedlings under greenhouse conditions. The root length, biomass, and underground dry weight increased by 37.58%, 20.00% and 33.33%, which compared to microbial agents. From this, it could be seen that S. cellulosiae LQS-2 has the potential to be developed as a biocontrol agent for the prevention and treatment of Astragalus membranaceus root rot disease.

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Construction of Bacterial Consortia and Its Biocontrol Effects on Root Rot of Lycium bararum

LI Xueping, WANG Xuemiao, LI Jianjun, MA Jiayong, XU Shiyang, QI Yonghong

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 530-541. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.017

Abstract （353）

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To obtain an effective biocontrol consortium for the management of root rot and promotion of growth in Lycium barbarum. The rhizosphere soil samples from healthy plants were collected, and antifungal bacteria were screened using the dual-culture method, targeting the pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani. Besides, the bacteria with different plant growth promoting potentials, including nitrogen-fixing, phosphatesolubilizing, and potassium-mobilizing were firstly screened by using different selective media, then quantitative assays of the properties were individually performed by Kjeldahl method, molybdenum-antimony colorimetric method, and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Composite bacterial consortia were then formulated from strains with desirable traits and no antagonistic interactions. The antagonistic and growth-promoting characteristics of these consortia were evaluated, and the optimal consortium was selected using the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method. Molecular identification of the strains in the optimal consortium was performed, and field trials were conducted to assess their efficacy in disease prevention and plant growth promotion. Results showed that a total of 186 beneficial bacteria were isolated, including 91 antagonistic strains, 138 nitrogen-fixing strains, 77 organic phosphate-solubilizing strains, 76 inorganic phosphate-solubilizing strains, and 21 potassium-mobilizing strains. Among the isolates, strain B14 exhibited the best antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum (75.33% inhibition), while strain B22 had the highest inhibition rate against Fusarium solani (79.59%). The highest nitrogen-fixing capacity (0.111 g/L) was observed in strain O30, and the highest organic phosphate solubilization (188.1 μg/mL) was achieved by strain B13. Strain O28 showed the strongest inorganic phosphate solubilization (828.87 μg/mL), while strain K5 had the highest potassium mobilization (100.2 mg/L). Consortium Q2 showed the best overall performance among the primally 4 determined superior composite bacterial consortia, with an inhibition rate of 82.65%, organic phosphate solubilization of 213.71 μg/mL, inorganic phosphate solubilization of 1034.22 μg/mL, nitrogen fixation of 0.257 g/L, and potassium mobilization of 103.66 mg/L, all of which were higher than those of individual optimal strains. Molecular identification revealed that consortium Q2 included Bacillus mojavensis O30, Bacillus velezensis B22, Bacillus subtilis B10 and O44, and Bacillus halotolerans K5. Field trials demonstrated that consortium Q2 achieved a 90% control efficacy against root rot in Lycium barbarum, increased plant height by 20%, and stem diameter by 9%. Additionally, it improved soil health by reducing salinity and enhancing the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter. The consortium also shifted the rhizosphere microbial community structure, increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria and actinomycetes while reducing fungal populations. The findings highlight the potential of the Q2 bacterial consortia as a sustainable strategy for managing root rot, promoting plant growth, reducing the salt-alkali content in the rhizosphere soil, improving soil nutrients, and regulating the soil microbial community structure of Lycium barbarum.

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Screening and Control Effect of Bacillus on Root Rot of Chinese Herbal Medicines

SHA Yuexia, ZENG Qingchao, TIAN Xingfang, LI Yunxiang, XU Jinyu

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 520-529. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.025

Abstract （332）

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In order to provide biocontrol germplasm resources for the biological control of root rot disease of Chinese herbal medicines, three rhizosphere bacteria with strong antibacterial activity against Fusarium which were strains LHJS2-2、 LHQS2-5 and YHQS2-7 were selected from more than 10 000 strains by plate antagonism method. The range of inhibition bands were 12—17 mm including Fusarium oxysporum 295, F. solani N18 and F. Verticillium 173. But the inhibition zone against F. moniliforme N19 was only 3 ~ 5 mm. 16S rDNA sequence analysis combining with its the morphological characteristic and the physiological and biochemical test results indicated that strain LHJS2-2 was identified as B.pumilus, strain LHQS2-5 as B.velezensis and strain YHQS2-7 as B.atrophaeus. The results of greenhouse test showed that the preventive efficacy of strains LHJS2-2, LHQS2-5 and YHQS2-7 against root rot of Astragalus were 88.07%, 85.66% and 76.73%, respectively. The seedling height, root length, aboveground biomass and underground biomass were significantly promoted including Astragalus, Scutellaria baicalensis and Silver Bupleurum. The field experimental results indicated that the control efficacy of Bacillus strains LHJS2-2, LHQS2-5 and YHQS2-7 against root rot of Astragalus were 41.37%, 40.13% and 41.95%, respectively. The field preventive efficacy of Bacillus strains LHJS2-2, LHQS2-5 and YHQS2-7 against root rot of Codonopsis pilosula were 87.06%, 95.03% and 87.06%, respectively. It has an important prospect for strains LHJS2-2, LHQS2-5 and YHQS2-7 to bio-control the root rot disease of Chinese herbal medicine.

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Biocontrol Effects of Antagonistic Isolate Pc01-6 on Salvia miltiorrhiza Root Rot and Its Genomic Analysis

WANG Fei, LI Xuemeng, YANG Jin, GAO Suxia, GUO Zhichen, QIN Yanhong, WEN Yi, LU Shuhao, ZHAO Ying, SONG Luyang, YANG Jian, WAN Xiufu, LI Shaojian

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 542-553. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.015

Abstract （329）

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In this study, an effective antagonistic isolate, Pc01-6, was isolated and screened from the rhizosphere soil of Salvia miltiorrhiza using the plate confrontation method to explore superior bioncontrol resources against S. miltiorrhiza root rot. The isolate exhibited an inhibition rate of 63.67% to 68.40% against the root rot pathogen, and demonstrated broad-spectrum antagonistic activity against 10 other plant pathogenic fungi. Based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, as well as 16S rDNA and gyrB sequence analysis, the isolate Pc01-6 was identified as Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. Aurantiaca. Pot experiments revealed that the isolate provided a control efficacy of 53.30% to 65.22% against S. miltiorrhiza root rot, while significantly promoting plant growth, with increases of 35.10% and 72.34% in fresh stem and leaf weight and root weights, respectively. Field trials further confirmed its efficiency, showing a control rate of 50.91% against root rot. Whole-genome sequencing analysis indicated that the genome of Pc01-6 is 6,835,850 bp in size, with a GC content of 62.87%, and encodes 6,159 genes. Function gene prediction revealed the presence of gene clusters associated with the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites with antibacterial activity, such as cyclolipopeptides and pyrrolnitrin. In summary, isolate Pc01-6 demonstrates significant biocontrol effects against S. miltiorrhiza root rot and holds promise for practical applications.

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Egg Parasitism Efficiency and Selectivity of Telenomus remus against the Spodoptera frugiperda and Spodoptera litura under Different Wasp-egg Ratios

WANG Huijuan, CHENG Yumeng, GU zimeng, JIANG Jun, LI Kebin, JIA Dong, FAN Jia, CHEN Julian

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 642-649. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.07.022

Abstract （314）

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The fall army worm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), is a major migratory pest that invaded to China in recent years. A parasitoid Telenomus remus (Nixon) is an egg-parasitoid natural enemy of several insect taxa in the family of Noctuidae, for which the cotton leaf worm (CLW), Spodoptera litura (Fabricius), is one of the most suitable hosts. In this experiment, we used FAW and CLW eggs to analyze the parasitism efficiency under different wasp-egg ratios and compared the parasitism preference of T. remus for the hosts. The results showed that, when the wasp-egg ratios decreased from 1:10 to 1:100, the parasitism and progeny emergence rate on eggs of FAW decreased from 97.58% and 76.41% to 74.50% and 33.94%, respectively, and the female wasp ratio in offspring increased from 61.74% to 82.16%. When the wasp-egg ratios decreased from 1:30 to 1:140, the parasitism and progeny emergence rate on eggs of CLW decreased from 97.67% to 53.11% and 79.29% to 24.99%, respectively. Given the same wasp-egg ratio, the parasitism rate and emergence rate of T. remus on FAW eggs were significantly lower than those of CLW eggs. When offered eggs of the two host species at the same time, the wasps parasitized more CLW eggs (136.6) than FAW eggs (100.0) in 24 h. In conclusion, there is a significant effect of different wasp-egg ratios on the parasitism efficiency of T. remus on either single host, higher on CLW eggs than on FAW eggs. When the eggs of the two host species coexist, T. remus preferred more for CLW eggs. The results indicate that the effectiveness of T. remus to FAW is susceptible to interference from other host species such as CLW, therefore, there is still room improving the parasitism efficiency. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the development and optimization of the artificial release of natural enemies for the control of FAW through increasing the wasp-host egg ratio or aided with the specific attractant.

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Isolation and Identification of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ZF522 and Its Control Effect on Ginger Root Rot

LI Sen, LI Lei, LIU Shicheng, DUAN Guangrong, CHEN Zhukan, SHI Yanxia, CHAI Ali, LI Baoju, XIE Xuewen

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 585-592. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.038

Abstract （313）

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Ginger root rot caused by Pythium aphanidermatum seriously endangers ginger production and brings serious economic losses to ginger production. At present, the stem base diseases of ginger are difficult to control, and the use of chemical agents is easy to remain. The biological control of rhizome diseases is also lack of effective prevention and control products. In this experiment, Bacillus was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of ginger, and a strain with good control effect was screened by in vitro screening of ginger root rot. ZF522 was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens according to its morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic tree analysis. Under the condition of pot experiment, the control effect of biocontrol strain ZF522 on ginger root rot reached 50.84%. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed that strain ZF522 contained srfA, fenA, ituA, ituC, bymA, bymB and other antimicrobial lipopeptide synthesis genes. These genes are closely related to the reported antimicrobial lipopeptides. In summary, strain ZF522 has good biocontrol potential against ginger root rot, and is a biocontrol strain with development and utilization value.

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Comparison of Biological Characteristics between Guangzhou and Qingdao Geographical Populations of Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae

LIU Yunjie, JIANG Chun, ZHANG Yikun, JIANG Minghao, HUANG Feipeng, ZHU Liang, WAN Fanghao, MA Chunsen, ZHOU Hongxu, TENG Ziwen

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 627-634. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.07.016

Abstract （305）

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Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae is a parasitoid wasp of fly pupae, with a wide range of hosts and significant biocontrol potential. To elucidate the biological characteristics of P. vindemmiae populations from different geographical origins, guide the screening of genetic resources, and improve its application, we compared the developmental duration, parasitism ability, and stress resistance of P. vindemmiae populations from Guangzhou and Qingdao. The results revealed that the infestation rate and number of offsprings were significantly higher in the Guangzhou population than in the Qingdao population. When only water was provided, or when both water and food were not provided, the adult survival rate of the Qingdao population was significantly higher than that of the Guangzhou population. No significant differences were observed for other biological indicators such as developmental duration from egg to adult emergence, adult lifespan, and survival ability under dry conditions or extreme temperatures. In conclusion, the Guangzhou population of P. vindemmiae has strong parasitic ability, while the Qingdao population shows stronger survival ability under conditions of water and/or food deprivation.

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Screening of Antifungal Activity of Extracts from 13 species of Plant against Three Wheat Pathogens and Analysis of Their Constituents

YAN Bin, LIANG Jing, GONG Jingyun, ZHOU Xiaoyun, HU Linfeng, ZHANG Jungao, LEI Bin, LI Kemei

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 605-616. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.032

Abstract （300）

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Screening and evaluating the antibacterial activity of Xinjiang's plant resources provides a foundation for the development of botanical pesticides. In this study, the antifungal activities of 13 plant extracts from Xinjiang were screened and measured through the mycelial growth rate method, targeting three wheat pathogens: Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium graminearum, and Microdochium nivale. Additionally, the main components of Rumex crispus were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The organic solvent extracts from 13 plant species showed different inhibitory activities against three wheat pathogenic fungi, and the antibacterial efficacy increased with increasing concentration. Among them, the methanol extract of Rumex crispus exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity against B. sorokiniana, with an EC₅₀ value of 6.380 mg/mL; the methanol extract of Salsola collina demonstrated the strongest inhibitory activity against F. graminearum, with an EC₅₀ value of 26.362 mg/mL; and the ethanol extract of R. crispus showed the strongest inhibitory activity against Microdochium nivale, with an EC₅₀ value of 8.203 mg/mL. A total of 42 chemical components were identified in the R. crispus extract, primarily flavonoids, fatty acyls, carboxylic acids, and their derivatives, accounting for 66.67% of the total. It can be seen from this that the methanol extract of R. crispus has good antibacterial activity and is worth further study.

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Creation and Application of Nano-Biopesticides Based on Star Polycationic Nanocarriers

QIAN Xin, SHEN Jie

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 991-997. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.047

Abstract （299）

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Star polycationic nanocarrier SPc has shown important application value in the creation of nano-biopesticides, which can significantly improve the stability, biocompatibility and delivery efficiency of drugs. In this review, we summarize the application examples of SPc in four kinds of biopesticide preparations, including plant-derived pesticides, bio-derived immune inducers, RNA pesticides and microbial pesticides, focus on the analysis of the technical advantages of biopesticide nano-preparations, and discuss the opportunities and challenges of nanotechnology in the sustainable development of agriculture.

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Screening of Antagonistic Strain MLY-3 against Tobacco Target Spot and Its Optimization of Fermentation Conditions

XIANG Dandong, XIAO Qinzhi, WANG Can, DENG Zhengyu, LIU Feng, XIAO Zhipeng, XIONG Youming, WANGBing, MEI Siyi, PENG Jing, LIU Tianbo, TANG Qianjun

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 593-604. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.033

Abstract （291）

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Tobacco target spot is an important leaf disease that endangers tobacco production, and it is important to screen biocontrol strains against R. solani and optimize the fermentation conditions of the strains. To control tobacco target spot, biocontrol strains were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of healthy tobacco by dilution coating plate method and plate confrontation test. Strain MLY-3 with 80.92% inhibition rate against R. solani was screened out. Microscopic examination revealed that strain MLY-3 induced distortion and deformity of the mycelium during confrontation culture. Strain MLY-3 was identified as P. aeruginosa by morphological observation, physiological and biochemical detection and molecular analysis. Single factor test and orthogonal test results showed that the optimal fermentation medium components of strain MLY-3 were as follows: mannitol 10 g/L, beef extract 5 g/L and MgCl₂ 7.5 g/L. The optimal fermentation conditions were as follows: initial pH 5.5, inoculum 3%, temperature 30℃ and time 36 h. The inhibition rate of its aseptic fermentation broth against R. solani was increased by 53.8% under optimal fermentation conditions. The field control effect of strain MLY-3 fermentation broth against tobacco target spot was 70.03%, indicating great potential for biocontrol application. This study enriched the biocontrol resource of tobacco target spot and laid the foundation for its application.

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Identification of Bacillus halotolerans, Optimization of Fermentation Conditions and Its Biocontrol Effect

LIAO Yongqin, WANG Nan, SHI Zhufeng, CHEN Yan, LIU Ende, PU Te, HE Yonghong, YANG Peiwen

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 571-584. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.026

Abstract （291）

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The potential application of strain YNK-FB0022 in the sustainable management of plant diseases was assessed, providing a foundation for its future industrial development. The strain was characterized through both morphological and molecular biological techniques to determine its taxonomic classification. Single-factor and response surface methodology were employed to optimize its fermentation medium and conditions. The biofilm-forming capacity of the strain was evaluated using a 48-well plate assay, while scanning electron microscopy was utilized to examine its colonization on the root surface of tomato seedlings. Pot experiments were performed to assess the impact of the strain on tomato seedling growth, its efficacy in controlling tomato wilt disease, and the activity of defense-related enzymes in the tomato roots.The strain YNK-FB0022 was identified as Bacillus halotolerans. The optimal fermentation medium for YNK-FB0022 was composed of 15.00 g/L sucrose, 6.25 g/L yeast extract, 8.75 g/L MgSO₄·7H₂O, and 10.00 g/L peptone, with fermentation conditions set at 30℃, pH 5.5, 200 rpm, and a liquid volume of 200 mL. Following optimization, the strain exhibited a 173.35% increase in growth, and its antibacterial activity improved by 7.56%. In the 48-well plate assay, each well formed 189 mg of biofilm, and the strain successfully colonized the root surface of tomato seedlings, with a colonization density of 1.20×10⁷ CFU/mm. Pot trials demonst rated that the optimized YNK-FB0022 fermentation broth significantly enhanced several agronomic traits of tomato seedlings, including plant height, stem diameter, root length, root weight, as well as the fresh and dry weight of aerial parts. Moreover, the broth exhibited substantial protective effects against tomato wilt disease and significantly increased the activity of root defense enzymes, such as POD, SOD, PPO, and CAT. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of the Bacillus halotolerans YNK-FB0022 as a biocontrol agent and its application in the management of tomato wilt disease.

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Parasitism of Prepupae of Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) by Dastarcus helophoroides (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae)

WANG Lina, CAO Ping, TANG Yanlong, QIAN Zhengmin, LIU Lingling, WEI Ke, ZHANG Yanlong

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 674-679. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.07.024

Abstract （289）

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Dastarcus helophoroides is an effective natural enemy of Monochamus alternatus. This study investigated parasitism of prepuae of M. alternatus by D. helophoroides through inoculation of newly hatched D. helophoroides larvae onto the surface of M. alternatus prepupae at ratios of 6:1, 8:1, and 10:1 under controlled laboratory conditions and compared development period and offspring numbers of D. helophoroides. Further, a forest release experiment was conducted. The results showed that, under the three inoculation ratios, D. helophoroides parasitism rates of M. alternatus prepupae were 85%, 90%, and 75%, respectively. The larval developmental period of D. helophoroides ranged from 7 to 11 days, with no significant differences across the inoculation ratios. However, a significant difference was observed in the pupal duration, which averaged 26.24 days, 25.28 days, and 22.67 days for the 6:1, 8:1, and 10:1 inoculation ratios, respectively. The number of cocoons and the emergence rate also showed significant differences: the average number of D. helophoroides cocoons per prepupa was 4.29, 4.94, and 6.93, respectively, while the emergence number was 4.00, 4.89, and 6.73 per prepupa, respectively. The cocooning rate of D. helophoroides did not differ significantly among the inoculation ratios. The total weight of D. helophoroides adults produced from a single prepupa was 0.092 g, 0.097 g, and 0.079 g, with no significant differences between the groups. The average weight of a single D. helophoroides adult was 0.024 g and 0.020 g for the 6:1 and 8:1 ratios, respectively, and was 0.013 for the 10:1 ratio, which was a significant decrease from the other two ratios. In the fields, the D. helophoroides parasitism rate of M. alternatus prepupae varied significantly across the inoculation ratios. When the beneficial-to-pest ratio was 10:1, the corrected parasitism rate was the highest, averaging 72.29%. At 8:1, it dropped to 48.55%, and at 6:1, the rate was the lowest, at 40.63%. These findings indicate that D. helophoroides exerts a strong parasitism of M. alternatus prepupae, and a beneficial-to-pest ratio of at least 10:1 in releasing D. helophoroides is recommended for optimal control of M. alternatus.

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Screening of Carrier Baits and Attractants with Beauveria bassiana in the Control of Red Imported Fire Ants

HUANG Zhen, LIU Si, NONG Xiangqun, GAO Qionghua

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 680-690. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.03.013

Abstract （288）

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The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, is one of the most harmful invasive species worldwide, posing a serious threat to ecosystems and human health. Beauveria bassiana, an effective biological control agent, plays dual roles in inhibiting population damage and maintaining ecological security in sustainable control of red fire ants. To screen for the ideal carrier bait and attractant for the use of B. bassiana in controlling red imported fire ants, this study tested the attractiveness of five plant-based baits (popcorn, wheat, white glutinous corn, corn grits, and soybeans) and eight attractants (peanut oil, corn oil, soybean oil, olive oil, honey, shrimp powder, fish powder, and ham sausage). The results showed that wheat, among the plant-based baits, and peanut oil, among the attractants, had the most significant attraction and elicited the strongest foraging activities in red fire ants, indicating that they can be used as the base materials for preparing B. bassiana bait. By further optimizing the formula, a bait mixture of wheat, peanut oil, and B. bassiana spore powder in a ratio of 35: 1: 9 (w : w) was determined to be the best formula for controlling red imported fire ants, effectively overcoming the repellent effect of B. bassiana spore powder in the bait and significantly enhancing the attraction effect. These findings provide crucial data for the further development of B. bassiana bait as a microbial pesticide and have important implications for sustainable control of red imported fire ants.

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Effect of Quorum Sensing Signaling Molecule 3-oxo-C8-HSL on Intestinal Symbiont Microbial Diversity of Nilaparvata lugens Stål

FAN Linlin, SONG Yang, SHENTU Xuping, YU Xiaoping

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 710-720. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.07.009

Abstract （285）

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Bacterial quorum sensing (QS) mediated by acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) molecules is a widespread regulatory system in Gram-negative bacteria. However, the interactions and intestinal immunity between QS and insect gut microbes have not been clarified. In this experiment, we explored the effects of QS on the diversity of insect gut microbial communities and intestinal immunity by feeding a bacterial community sensing signaling molecule, 3-oxooctanoyl-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C8-HSL), to the Nilaparvata lugens Stål. The results showed that the mortality of N. lugens on the fifth day after 3-oxo-C8-HSL treatment was 61.39% higher than that of the control group, and the survival time was shortened by 5 days. The number of microbial phyla, genera and species (ASV) in the intestinal microorganisms of N. lugens were reduced compared with that of the control group, and the diversity of bacteria was increased and the diversity of fungi was decreased; the relative abundance of the dominant genera in the bacterial and fungal communities was reduced. At the same time, the treatment activated intestinal immunity and upregulated expression of immune effectors. In summary, 3-oxo-C8-HSL had effective insecticidal activity, altered the diversity of N. lugens gut microbial communities and activated the gut immune response of N. lugens.

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Effects of Sophora alopecuroides Strips on Occurrence of Predatory Natural Enemies and Their Aphid Biocontrol Service in Corn Fields

FENG Hao, ZHANG Dawei, ZHOU Haohui, LIU Peilin, LIU Bing, WANG Senshan, LU Yanhui

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 666-673. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.05.031

Abstract （283）

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In order to clarify the arthropods community structure in Sophora alopecuroides strips along field ridge of Hexi region, and its effects on the density and biological control services of predatory enemies in adjacent corn field, systematic investigation and comparative study were carried out. The results showed that S. alopecuroides strips maintained high densities of Acyrthosiphon gossypii and Acyrthosiphon pisum from June to July, and conserved various predatory natural enemies such as ladybugs, predatory bugs, and lacewings, serving as an important conservation site for natural enemies on the field edge. During the aphid epidemic period, compared to the corn fields without S. alopecuroides strips, the densities of ladybugs and predatory natural enemies in corn fields with S. alopecuroides strips increased by 1.5 times and 1.3 times, respectively. The predator-to-aphid ratio increased by 2.3 times, while the density of aphids decreased by 1.8 times. This study confirms that S. alopecuroides is an important conservation functional plant for natural enemies in Hexi region, which provides a scientific basis for using it in ecological control of crop pests in the future.

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Biocontrol Characteristics of Bacillus velezensis YB-1465 and Its Biocontrol Effects on wheat crown rot

XU Wen, XIE Xia, LI Pan, DONG Qianqian, SUN Runhong, ZHANG Jie, XIA Mingcong, WU Chao, YANG Lirong

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (4): 877-886. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.041

Abstract （279）

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In recent years, wheat crown rot caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum has emerged as a serious soil-borne disease in Huang-Huai wheat region of China. To identify efficient biocontrol strains against this disease， a promising strain, designated YB-1465, was screened through dual-culture assays, characterization of biocontrol traits, and indoor pot experiments. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA and gyrA gene sequences identified YB-1465 as Bacillus velezensis. This strain inhibited the mycelial growth of twelve tested phytopathogenic fungi, demonstrating the highest inhibition rates (>60%) against Fusarium pseudograminearum, Botrytis cinerea, Cochliobolus sativus and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. Furthermore, B. velezensis YB-1465 exhibited multiple plant growth-promoting traits, including the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophores, and phosphate solubilization, along with the secretion of extracellular enzymes such as cellulase, β-1,3-glucanase, and pectinase. Compared to the untreated control, seed treatment with the YB-1465 suspension achieved 78.8% control efficacy against wheat seedling crown rot in pot trials. This treatment also significantly enhanced seedling growth, increasing fresh weight, plant height and root length by 148.5%, 65.33%, and 93.24%, respectively. These results demonstrate that Bacillus velezensis YB-1465 possesses significant biocontrol potential against wheat crown rot and warrants further development for biocontrol product formulations.

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Review of Plant Beneficial Microorganisms and Their Biocontrol Mechanism in Controlling Plant Disease

CHEN Feifei, XU Shiyi, KONG Jiahui, MIN Ziquan, WANG Yahui, PAN Yuemin

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1263-1275. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.059

Abstract （277）

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Plant beneficial microorganisms have functions such as inhibiting pathogenic bacteria, enhancing plant disease resistance, promoting plant growth, and improving plant stress tolerance. Currently, plant beneficial microorganisms have become a research hotspot in the field of biological control, achieving significant development and progress. To better understand and utilize plant beneficial microorganisms, the types of plant beneficial microorganisms, their functions beneficial to plants, their interactions with plants, and the mechanism of action in biological control were reviewed in this paper, based on research progress both domestically and internationally. Additionally, it will present considerations and prospects for utilizing plant beneficial microorganisms in biological control. This will help to comprehensively understand the role of beneficial microorganisms in plants and provide new strategies for the development and utilization of beneficial microorganisms in plants.

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