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The Characteristic of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests in Greenhouse Horticulture and Its Green Control Strategy of China
WU Shengyong, ZHANG Mengdi, XU Jin, WANG Endong, CUI Li, LEI Zhongren, SHI Xiaobin, XIE Xuewen, WANG Shaoli, WANG Su, WEI Shujun, MA Zhongzheng, HE Limei, GAO Yulin
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
5
): 1169-1180. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2022.01.022
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Greenhouse horticultures has been rapid development in China, playing an important role in promotion agricultural modernization and rural revitalization. Based on the current trajectory of the horticulture industry in China, we first summarized the characteristic of plant diseases and insect pests and its control strategies, including the agricultural control, physical control, biological control, ecological regulation, biotechnology and science-based application of chemical pesticides. Finally, we put provide suggestions on the control of horticultural diseases and insect pests under protected conditions, providing baseline references for the sustainable development of horticultural industry.
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Virulence of Entomopathogenic Nematodes to
Holotrichia parallela
Larvae
ZHANG Cailing, WANG Zhimin, WANG Siyu, Ibrahim Osman, LI Kebin, ZHANG Shuai, CAO Yazhong, WANG Senshan, YIN Jiao
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
5
): 1009-1014. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2022.03.025
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The pathogenicity of seven entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) against the late 1
st
instar larvae of
Holotrichia parallela
was tested in laboratory to screen the effective strains of entomopathogenic nematodes for the
H. parallela
control, and the most suitable environmental conditions of strains were identified. Results showed that pathogenicity of seven EPNS strains were different under laboratory conditions, the
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
(D26-6) had the strongest pathogenicity to the larvae of
H. parallela
. In addition, temperature, soil moisture and dosage of EPNs all take effects on the pathogenicity. The optimum temperature and soil moisture for H. bacteriophora (D26-6) infection were 25 ℃ and 18% respectively, when the ratio of
H. parallela
larvae to D26-6 nematodes was 1:100, the mortality of
H. parallela
larvae can reach 100% after 11 days.
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Advances in Biological Control of
Tuta absoluta
(Meyrick) Based on Predatory Natural Enemy Resources
LUO Taotao, YAN Shuyan, CAO Mengyu, ZHANG Jinghang, ZHANG Guifen, WAN Fanghao, ZHANG Ya, LI Tao, LIU Shuangqing, ZHANG Yibo
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
4
): 727-738. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.02.039
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Tuta absoluta
(Meyrick) is a major invasive alien species worldwide, which mainly damages tomato crops by mining leaves and fruits. Since its invasion in Yili, Xinjiang in 2017, it has spread to many provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) in China, with outbreaks in some places, seriously threatening the healthy production of China's tomato industry. At present, biological control based on predatory natural enemies is one of the main measures for integrated management of
T. absoluta
. So far, few review papers have been published on the predatory natural enemy resources of tomato leaf miner. Therefore, this paper systematically sorted out the species of predatory natural enemies of
T. absoluta
worldwide, summarized the predatory ability of predatory natural enemies of tomato leaf miner, the life parameters of predatory natural enemies of
T. absoluta
, and the effects of chemical pesticides on the prevention and control of
T. absoluta
by predatory natural enemies. The existing problems and development direction of
T. absoluta
control by predatory natural enemies were analyzed in order to provide reference for the biological control of
T. absoluta
in China.
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Identification of Bacteria strain Sneb2010 and Its Control Effect on Melon
Fusarium
Wilt
WU Ji, ZHU Xiaofeng, WANG Yuanyuan, LIU Xiaoyu, ZHAO Di, YANG Ning, DUAN Yuxi, FAN Haiyan, CHEN Lijie
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
6
): 1331-1346. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.02.063
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Melon
Fusarium
wilt is a serious soil-borne disease caused by
Fusarium oxyporum
f. sp.
melonis
. In this study, the bacteria strain Sneb2010 with significant inhibitory effect on
F. oxyporum
f. sp.
melonis
was selected from 688 strains of bacteria by the dual culture technique, and the inhibition rate was 78.45%. The bacterium Sneb2010 was identified as
Bacillus velezensis
by morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics combined with 16S rDNA and
gyrA
sequence analysis. The mycelium growth and spore germination of
F. oxyporum
f. sp.
melonis
were significantly inhibited by strain Sneb2010. After Sneb2010 treatment, the mycelia of
F. oxyporum
f. sp.
melonis
in the inhibited area showed abnormal phenomena, such as wizened, wrinkled, irregular protrusion and fracture. Strain Sneb2010 could promote the germination of melon seeds and the growth of seedlins. It was found that the strain Sneb2010 could produce protease and had the ability of biofilm forming. In addition, strain Sneb2010 showed strong inhibitory effects on a variety of pathogenic fungi. The results of pot experiment showed that, the control effect of Sneb2010 on melon
Fusarium
wilt was 64.29%, the number of pathogens decreased by 47%. In conclusion,
B. velezensis
Sneb2010 could effectively control melon
Fusarium
wilt, and provide a new potential biocontrol resource for the biological control of melon
Fusarium
wilt.
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Predation of
Aphidoletes aphidimyza
on
Megoura crassicauda
WU Huizi, HUANG Chunyang, WEN Mingxia, ZHANG Weiye, YU Xiaofei, YANG Maofa, ZHANG Feng
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
6
): 1221-1227. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.03.016
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To determine the predation capacity of
Aphidoletes aphidimyza
to
Megoura crassicauda
, the functional responses of
A. aphidimyza
to
M. crassicauda
at different stages, the prey selection of
A. aphidimyza
on
M. crassicauda
at different stages and the interference effect of the density of
A. aphidimyza
on its predation capacity were studied in the laboratory. The results showed that the functional response of
A. aphidimyza
to each developmental stage of
M. crassicauda
was all fitted to the Holling II model. The predation capability of
A. aphidimyza
on young nymphs aged 1―2 of
M. crassicauda
was the strongest with a value of 16.23, followed by the 3
rd
instar nymph and the 4
th
instar nymph, with a value of 12.05 and 10.55, respectively. The daily maximum predation amount of
A. aphidimyza
on 1
st
―2
nd
instar nymph, 3
rd
instar nymph and 4
th
instar nymph of
M. crassicauda
were 29.24, 24.88, and 22.57.
A. aphidimyza
has a strong preference for the 1
st
―2
nd
instar nymph of
M. crassicauda
, with a selection coefficient (Q) of 1.67, 1.42, and 1.31, respectively. The total predation amount of
A. aphidimyza
on
M. crassicauda
increased with the density of
A. aphidimyza
, but the predation amount per predation number and predation rate decreased with the density of
A. aphidimyza
. The relationship between the rate and the density of
A. aphidimyza
were in line with the model
E1
＝0.2279p
-0.519
,
E2
＝0.2093p
-0.550
and
E3
＝0.2022p
-0.527
, respectively. The results showed that
A. aphidimyza
had strong predation capability in each of the different developmental stages of
M. crassicauda
. This provides a theoretical foundation and data support for the pest control of
M. crassicauda
by
A. aphidimyza
.
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The Occurrence Characteristics of Rice Diseases and Insect Pests and the Integration of Green Control Technology in China from 2013 to 2022
ZHUO Fuyan, CHEN Xuexin, XIA Yuxian, FU Qiang, WANG Su, XU Hongxing, HU Fei, ZHANG Jie
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
5
): 1207-1213. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2023.11.011
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Rice is the largest grain crop in China, and the control of rice diseases and insect pests are directly related to stable and increasing food production. Based on the analyses of the statistical data of plant protection in China from 2013 to 2022, this paper has summarized and reviewed the occurrence types, characteristics, areas and actual yield loss of rice diseases and insect pests and sorted out the control overview of rice diseases and insect pests, such as the control area, recovery yield loss, and the application of main control measures. In particular, the application area and development trend of green control technologies, such as ecological regulation, natural enemy’s protection and utilization are summarized. Meanwhile, This paper has analyzed and discussed the achievements of green control of rice diseases and insect pests from the perspectives of technology coverage and integrated content, put forward some suggestions for the next step of green control, aiming at providing references for the safe production of rice in China in the future.
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Effect of Age of Parasitoid on the Length of the Development and Brood Size of Offspring of
Sclerodermus alternatusi
Yang (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)
WANG Lina, TANG Yanlong, KANG Kui, WEI Ke, WANG Xiaoyi, YANG Zhongqi, ZHANG Yanlong
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
5
): 969-976. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.03.002
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The article compared the number of offspring, developmental biology, and sex ratio of
Sclerodermus alternatusi
Yang (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) in order to investigate the effect of parasitoid age on the length of the immature stage and brood size of offspring. One parasitoid per host was inoculated on
Thyestilla gebleri
larvae at intervals of 15 days under normal temperature conditions after the female emerged. The findings indicated that there was no discernible change between the parasitism and successful parasitism rates as parasitoid age increased. At different parasitoid ages, there were significant differences in the pre-oviposition duration of the female, the larval stage, the pupal stage, and the offspring’s developmental duration; however, there was no significant difference in the egg stage durations. The sizes of the female offspring and the total number of offspring varied significantly depending on the parasitoid's age. For example, when the mother female was 15 days old, 43.21 females and 47.21 offspring emerged from one host; when the mother female was 1 day, 30 days, and 45 days old, the number of females and offspring decreased slightly; and when the mother female was 60 days old, 26.12 females and 28.88 offspring obtained from one host. The number of male progeny that emerged from a single host was approximately 2—4; there was no discernible variation in the parasitoid ages, and the number of female offspring was substantially lower. At five mother female ages, the male offspring ratios were less than 10%, and at varied parasitoid ages, the winged female offspring significantly declined and were all less than 20%. When the mother female was less than 45 days old, the parasitoid would maintain parasitism effectively at room temperature and lay an adequate number of eggs. New sources for raising and managing
S. alternatusi
to suppress longhorn beetles are supplied by this work.
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Impacts of Bee Pollens Consumption on Reproductive Fitness and Offspring Population Dynamics in
Chrysoperla sinica
Adults
LI Fulin, SONG Jingrong, GUO Lian, ZHANG Min, ZHANG Pengjiu, HE Lifei, YANG Jing, GAO Yue, LIU Zhongfang
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
6
): 1237-1242. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.11.002
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This study examined the impact of different bee pollens on reproductive fitness and offspring population dynamics of
Chrysoperla sinica
. Results showed that feeding on camellia bee pollen extended the pre-oviposition period of
C. sinica
adults to 6.00 days and significantly increased the total number of eggs laid to 228.30 per female, compared with the control group (5.00 days and 113.90 eggs). Corn bee pollen led to an average of 216.10 eggs per female, not significantly different from camellia bee pollen, but higher than the control group. However, rape bee pollen reduced female adults’ longevity to 12.20 d. All three treatments shortened the larval duration of the offspring significantly. Cocoon weight under camellia and corn bee pollen treatments was significantly higher than that of rape bee pollen treatment. In addition, camellia and corn bee pollen significantly improved the fecundity and longevity of offspring adults. Specifically, the total number of eggs laid per female increased from 116.80 in the control group to 275.70 and 253.40, respectively, while the longevity of female adults was extended from 20.45 d to 23.35 d and 25.70 d, respectively. After being treated with camellia and corn bee pollen, the net reproductive rate (
R
0
) of the offspring population significantly increased from 29.63 in the control group to 63.42 and 61.35, respectively. Meanwhile, intrinsic rate of increase (
r
m
) and finite rate of increase (
λ
) also exhibited notable enhancements, rising from 0.09 and 1.10 in the control group to 0.12, 1.12, and 0.11, 1.12, respectively. The population doubling time (
D
t
) was significantly shortened to 5.94 d and 6.08 d, respectively, compared with the control group (7.25 d). In conclusion, feeding
C. sinica
adults with corn bee pollen and camellia bee pollen can promote their fecundity and offspring population growth. These findings provide scientific basis for improving the indoor breeding efficiency of
C. sinica
.
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Predatory Function of
Hippodamia variegata
(Goeze) to
Tuta absoluta
PATIMA Wumuerhan, MA Zhao, ABULIZI Tayier, WANG Sijia, WANG Huiqing, FU Wenjun, MA Deying
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
4
): 787-792. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.05.003
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The control potential of Xinjiang’s dominant predatory natural enemy, the adult
Hippodamia variegata
(Goeze), on
Tuta absoluta
was assessed by investigating the predatory functional responses to the 1
st
, 2
nd
, and 3
rd
instar larvae of
T. absoluta
. The results showed that the daily predation amount of
H.variegata
adults on the 1
st
, 2
nd
and 3
rd
instar larvae of
T. absoluta
were 66.33, 60.00 and 40.33, respectively, showing a decreasing trend with the increase of larval instar. The predation functional response of
H.variegata
adults to the 1
st
, 2
nd
and 3
rd
instar larvae of
T. absoluta
conformed to the Holling II disc equation, with theoretical maximum predation amounts of 454.55, 161.29 and 81.97, respectively. The search effect of
H.variegata
adults on
T. absoluta
decreased with the increase of density and instar of
T. absoluta
larvae. The maximum search effects of
H.variegata
on the 1
st
, 2
nd
and 3
rd
instar larvae of
T. absoluta
were 0.7376, 0.7107 and 0.5303, respectively. The results show that
H.variegata
has good predation ability on the 1
st
, 2
nd
and 3
rd
instar larvae of
T. absoluta
, and can keep the larvae of
T. absoluta
in check to a certain extent. Therefore,
H.variegata
can be further developed and utilized as a biological control agent for
T. absoluta
.
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Isolation and Identification of
Bacillus tequilensis
YB-1145 and Evaluation of Its Biocontrol Effects on Wheat Crown Rot
LIU Qingxiang, XU Wen, DONG Qianqian, XIA Mingcong, ZHANG Jie, SUN Runhong, WU Chao, WU Kun, YANG Lirong
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
4
): 884-893. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.02.037
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In order to identify a biocontrol strain for wheat crown rot, strain YB-1145 was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of wheat using the plate confrontation method. This strain exhibited significant inhibition of mycelium growth in six plant pathogens, including
Fusarium pseudograminearum
. Based on its morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical indicators, 16S rDNA and
gyrA
identification results, the strain was identified as
Bacillus tequilensis
. Biocontrol studies have demonstrated that YB-1145 has the capacity to secrete
β
-1, 3-glucanase, protease, IAA and solubilize inorganic phosphorus. Compared to the control, inoculation with YB-1145 suspension of 1×10
8
cfu/mL resulted in 76.1% reduction of wheat crown rot,17.1% increase of root length, 22.6% increase of plant height, and 71.4% increase of fresh weight. Following treatment with YB-1145, activities of PPO, CAT, PAL, POD and LOX in wheat seedling leaves were significantly enhanced. These findings indicate that the YB-1145 strain possesses substantial biocontrol potential through pathogen inhibition and growth promotion.
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Development of Microbial Seed Coating Agents and Its Control Effect on Maize Stalk Rot
GUO Ning, MA Hongxia, ZHANG Haijian, SHI Jie, LIU Shusen, SUN Hua, ZHENG Xiaojuan
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
5
): 1054-1065. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.02.046
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In this study,
Trichoderma
strains with good control effects on maize stalk rot were screened by plate confrontation test, maize seed germination characteristics analysis and greenhouse pot experiments. The type, dosage and best combination of auxiliaries were determined by physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and orthogonal tests. Control effect of the developed biological seed coating agents on maize stalk rot was verified. The results showed that 17 of 109
Trichoderma
strains exhibited antagonistic activity against
Fusarium graminearum
with an average inhibitory rate of over 70%, among which 6 strains had the best control efficacy ranging from 80.33% to 85.64% on maize stalk rot at seedling stage. The active ingredients of two biological seed coating agents with
T. asperellum
strain Tr34 and
T. afroharzianum
strain Tr35 were developed, followed as 106 chlamydospores/mL, 0.2% xanthan gum, 2% sodium lignonate, 5% beinon film forming agent 1, and 1% 100 mg/mL streptomycin. When the ratios were 1:200 and 1:100, the biological seed coating agents Tr 34 and Tr 35 had the best control effect on maize stalk rot, with the efficacies of 81.14% and 83.18%, respectively. The biological seed coating agents Tr 34 and Tr 35 could effectively reduce the incidence of maize stalk rot, which lays a foundation for further field application.
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Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Bacteria from Walnut Leaves and Their Biocontrol Potential against Walnut Anthracnose
GU Yuxin, WANG Shuhe, WANG Shenghao, LIU Shengming, KANG Yebin
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
5
): 1099-1112. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.02.058
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Walnut anthracnose, caused by several
Colletotrichum
genus species, is recognized as one of the most destructive and economically important diseases, resulting in considerable losses. The implementation of biological control is expected to provide a favorable alternative to chemical methods for disease management, as it is environmentally friendly, less prone to resistance development, and offers high safety levels. In the present study, an endophytic bacteria strain GYX7, isolated from healthy walnut leaves, exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity against the pathogens of walnut anthracnose, including
C. gloeosporioides
,
C. fructicola
,
C. siamense
,
C. fioriniae
and
C. aenigma
, with inhibition rates ranging from 70.56% to 80.78%. Microscopic examination indicated that strain GYX7 induced morphological distortions and lysis of the mycelium during confrontation culture. Furthermore, strain GYX7 demonstrated a broad-spectrum antifungal, inhibiting 13 phytopathogens except
Pythium aphanidermatum
. Based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and a phylogenetic tree constructed using 16S rDNA and
gyrB
gene sequences, strain GYX7 was identified as
Bacillus velezensis
. The volatile compounds produced by strain GYX7 were found to contribute to its biocontrol capabilities. The aseptic filtrate of strain GYX7 at a 20% concentration significantly inhibited the growth and spore germination of
C. fructicola
, with inhibition rates of 82.24% and 98.17%, respectively. Enzyme activity assays indicated that strain GYX7 produced various hydrolytic enzymes, including protease, cellulase, pectinase, and
β
-1,3-glucanase. Additionally, the strain was found to possess genes that encode antimicrobial substances, including surfactin, bacillomycin, fengycin, iturin, bacillaene, bacillibactin, bacilysin, macrolactin and difficidin, as identified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In vitro inoculation experiments showed that strain GYX7 effectively reduced the incidence and severity of walnut anthracnose. These findings suggest that strain GYX7 has the potential to be a biocontrol agent for managing walnut anthracnose.
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Analysis of Factors Affecting the Sex Pheromone Trapping of the Tomato Leafminer
Tuta absoluta
(Meyrick) Moths
ZHANG Dan, LI Yanhui, HUANG Xinyang, JIANG Shuang, ZHANG Wanmin, MENG Wei, WANG Haojie, DU Yongjun
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
4
): 760-769. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.05.002
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The damage in the tomato crop caused by the tomato leafminer
Tuta absoluta
(Meyrick) can be devastating. Monitoring by sex pheromone trapping or control by mass trapping is one of the means of detection and control of pests. Extraction, identification and analysis of sex pheromones of female
T. absoluta
moths and their ratios from Xishuangbanna (Yunnan), Xichang (Sichuan), Chifeng (Inner Mongolia) and Shenyang (Liaoning) were employed in the study. In field experiments, we compared and analyzed the effects of some major factors related to sex pheromone trapping on the trapping efficacy. The results showed that there is no significant difference in the composition of the sex pheromone of the tomato leafminer at four sites in China. The main components were composed of (
E,Z,Z
)-3,8,11-tetradecatrienyl acetate (
E
3,
Z
8,
Z
11-14:Ac) and (
E,Z
)-3,8-tetradecadienyl acetate (
E
3
Z
8-14:Ac). The results showed that the purity and dosage of the sex pheromone compound
E
3
Z
8
Z
11-14:Ac are closely related to the number of moths attracted. The number of moths attracted by pheromone compound with 93% purity was 2.48 times that of 82%. The optimal dosage for Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) capillary as matrix was 900—1200 μg per lure. The wing-type sticky traps attracted twice as many moths as the diamond sticky traps. The best trap was the wing-type sticky trap with a green cover, and the distance between the cover and the sticky plate was 6—9 cm. The optimal height of trap setting was o cm, when the trap was placed on the soil level. As the height increased, the number of moths caught decreased. When the trap was placed higher than 120 cm, no moths were trapped. There was no difference in the location of the traps in the tomato greenhouse. These results will help improve the field application of sex pheromone trapping for monitroing and controlling the tomato leafminers.
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Effect of Photoperiod on Growth and Development and Reproductive Behaviors of
Spodoptera exigua
(Hübner)
PAN Jilong, SUN Qingming, SU Honghua
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
6
): 1302-1309. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.03.010
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In order to clarity the effects of photoperiod on the growth, development and reproductive behaviours of Spodoptera exigua, three different photoperiods (12L:12D, 16L:8D, 20L:4D) were set up in the study. The results showed that, at 20 h of light duration, the hatching rate of
S. exigua
was only 74.0%; the larval during was shortened to 11.5 d, the survival rate of larvae was reduced to 57.8%, the pupation rate was only 57.8%, the pupal weight was reduced to 0.1905 g and the adult life span was shortened to 6.3 d. Under the condition of sex ratio of 1:1, the reproductive behavioral parameters were observed continuously in seven scotophases. In the third scotophase, the length of time between the onset of courtship and the scotophase was four times longer for
S. exigua
in 12 h treatment (212.4 min) than in 20 h treatment (51.4 min), the number of courtships under 12L:12D, 16L:8D and 20L:4D were 47.7, 37.9 and 25.5, respectively, and all three treatments were significantly different from each other, the mating initiation time was shortened or reduced with the increase of light time. Egg production at 12 h light (855.0) was approximately 2.5 times that at 20 h light (301.6). The results of this study preliminarily revealed the influence of photoperiod on the growth, development and reproductive behavior of
S. exigua
, which can provide data for indoor artificial breeding or field management of
S. exigua
.
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Preparation of Wettable Powder Formulation of
Trichoderma harzianum
M-17 Chlamydospores and Its Field Control Effect on Potato Dry Rot
WANG Xigang, GUO Chengjin, JIAO Yang, ZHAO Pei, TIAN Jing, ZHANG Lirong, SHEN Ruiqing
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
6
): 1319-1330. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.02.061
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To development an efficient biocontrol antimicrobial agent of potato dry rot and prolong the shelf of the product, this study utilized
Trichoderma harzianum
M-17 as the primary research object. Single factor selection and formulation optimization were used to obtain the wettable powder (WP). The optimal formulation of WP was chlamydospore powder (20%), attapulgite (68%) as carrier, sodium dodecyl sulfonate (4%) as wetting agent, sodium carboxylcellulose (7%) as dispersion, and ascorbic acid (1%) as UV protective agent. The chlamydospore content of this WP was 3.1×10
8
CFU/g, the wetting time was 56.5 s, the spore suspension rate was 82.27%, pH 6.79, the moisture content was 2.26%, the ratio transiting standard test sieve with 74 µm was 98%. All indicators meet the national standards. The results of field experiments showed that
T. harzianum
M-17 chlamydospore wettable powder could promote the growth of potato plants and indicated a good control effect on potato dry rot, with a control efficacy of 70.32% and a yield increase rate of 19.03%. This study lays a technical foundation for the development of
T. harzianum
M-17 chlamydospore wettable powder into a microbial fungicide for the control of potato soil-borne diseases.
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Cloning, Expression and Analysis of Insecticidal Activity of a Novel
cry39A
-like and
cry40
-like Gene from
Bacillus thuringiensis
FENG Shuo, HUANG Guoqiang, CHENG Jiaxu, CAO Weiping, SONG Jian
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
6
): 1406-1413. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.11.003
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Bradysia odoriphaga
is an important agricultural pest, whose larvae have caused serious damage to various crops such as leeks.
Bacillus thuringiensis
s train with high toxicity to
B. odoriphaga
larvae has been identified in our laboratory, but its insecticidal protein type is not yet clear. In this study, we sequenced the genome sequence of Bt and inferred that
cry39A
-like and
cry40
-like genes might have insecticidal activities. The full length sequence of the
cry
gene was obtained by PCR amplification with specific primers. Sequence analysis of the
cry
gene was performed by bioinformatics software. Finally, the Cry protein was obtained by transferred the
cry
gene into
E. coli
Rosetta (DE3) and its insecticidal activity of the larvae of
B. odoriphaga
was determined. Analysis of
cry39A
-like gene showed that
cry39A
-like gene has an open reading frame (ORF) of 1986 bp encoding a protein of 661 amino acids (aa). The result of phylogenetic tree analysis showed a closely evolutionary relationship between
cry39A
-like gene and
cry39Aa1
, with the protein sequence identity of 94.10%, suggesting that
cry39A
-like gene belongs to the third classification class. The Cry39A-like protein has a molecular weight of 76 kDa, and has insecticidal activity against
B.odoriphaga
larvae
,
with LC50 value of 89.42 μg/mL. The ORF of
cry40
-like gene is 2001 bp and encodes a protein of 666 aa. The phylogenomic analysis showed that
cry40
-like gene is clustered with the
cry40
gene family, with the highest protein sequence identity of 70.88%, which indicated the second class position of
cry40
-like gene. The Cry40-like protein is 74.5 kDa, and exhibited LC
50
value of 126.83 μg/mL against
B. odoriphaga
larvae. These findings indicate that
cry39A
-like and
cry40
-like genes in Bt could be used as novel insecticidal gene resource for the biological control of
B.odoriphaga
.
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Investigation and Molecular Evaluation of the Natural Enemies of
Tuta absoluta
(Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Tomato Fields in Yunnan Province
ZHANG Guifen, ZHU Huangkang, HUANG Liang, WANG Yusheng, LI Tao, HUANG Cong, XIAN Xiaoqing, XUE Yantao, GUI Furong, LIU Wanxue, WAN Fanghao, ZHANG Yibo
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
4
): 739-749. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2023.11.004
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Yunnan Province is one of the two earliest invaded areas of
Tuta absoluta
(Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in China. The potential indigenous natural enemies of
T. absoluta
were investigated, collected, and identified during July to October in tomato planting in 10 prefectures of Yunnan Province. The species of collected natural enemies were identified using DNA barcoding technique and their control efficacy on
T. absoluta
in tomato fields were evaluated using
T. absoluta
species-specific PCR (SS-PCR) technique. Our results indicated that there were 36 predatory species detected in tomato fields, belonging to 16 families, 5 orders, 2 classes. The results of SS-PCR detection shown that 19 species, belonging to 12 families, 3 orders, 2 classes, fed on
T. absoluta
. Among the 19 predatory natural enemy species, 8 species belong to Insecta and 11 species belong to Arachnida. The percentages of positive detection of
T. absoluta
were between 5.7% and 100.0%. Of the 19 predatory species, the most widely distributed was
Nesidiocoris tenuis
Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae), which was detected in 8 prefectures, followed by
Oirus agilis
(Flor),
Orius
sp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), and
Coccinella septempunctata
L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), which were detected in 5, 4, and 5 prefectures, respectively.
Pardosa pseudoannulata
(Böesenberg et Strand) (Araneae: Lycosidae) were detected in 3 prefectures and the other 14 predatory species were detected only in one or two prefectures. Of the 10 tomato planting prefectures, Zhaotong had the most abundant natural enemy species of
T. absoluta
, where 8 predatory species were identified, followed by Lijiang and Yuxi, where 6 and 5 predatory natural enemy species were identified, respectively. Four and three predatory natural enemy species were identified in Kunming and Qujing, respectively, two species identified in Dali, Wenshan, and Honghe, and only one species was identified in Chuxiong and Puer. Comprehensive evaluation, based on percentage of positive detection of
T. absoluta
, dominance of predatory natural enemy population, and distribution frequency, showed that
N. tenuis
had the greatest potential for control of
T. absoluta
, followed by
O. agilis
,
C. septempunctata
and
P. pseudoannulata
also had good potential for control of
T. absoluta
. Nowadays, the occurrence of
T. absoluta
in tomato fields in some rejoins of China is serious, however, the rich species of natural enemies in Southwestern China can provide reliable natural resource for utilizing domestic natural enemies to manage
T. absoluta
.
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Preference and Performance of
Kriechbaumerella dendrolimi
with relation to Different Forest Hosts
ZHENG Lingzhi, TANG Jinhan, CHEN Zhenhong, ZHUO Qiangzhen, WENG Huaifeng, LIANG Guanghong
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
3
): 507-515. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2023.01.038
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Kriechbaumerella dendrolimi
is a dominant natural enemy in the pupal stage of
Dendrolimus houi
, an overwhelming caterpillar in southern coniferous forests in China. The natural hosts of this species were investigated to test for the relationship between host preference and performance and to provide a theoretical basis for its host shift and biological control potential in the field. To this end, we surveyed the
Cryptomeria fortunei
stand infested by
D. houi
, collected and identified the large-size moths, recorded the parasitic characteristics of
K. dendrolimi
and offspring wasp development from different hosts. Ten moth species with different pupal stages were collected during this survey. The results showed that
K. dendrolimi
differed in preference for pupae of different species, preferring
D. houi
pupae (93.33%) and taking the shortest time (163.98 s) to make decision. During the parasitic stage,
K. dendrolimi
accurately located and identified hosts like
D.
houi
and
D. kikuchii
but decisively refused non hosts
Brahmaea hearseyi
and
Saturnia japonica
.
K. dendrolimi
offspring were obtained from pupae of 7 species, such as
D. houi
,ttacus atlas,
D. kikuchii
,
Antheraea frithi
,
Samia Cynthia
,
Saturnia pyretorum
,and
D. punctatus
, although they differed in certain biological characteristics.
K. dendrolimi
offspring from
D. houi
were the greatest in population size and the biggest in body size, while those from
D. punctatus
were of the smallest population size and body size, except for
Antheraea pernyi
. In conclusion, there are abundant moth species in the forest stands that can support the annual life history of
K. dendrolimi
and the sustainable pest control in the forests.
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Laboratory Pathogenicity and Control Efficiency of
Metarhizium anisopliae
and
Lecanicillium lecanii
Co-culture against
Phenacoccus solani
HUANG Peng, ZHANG Jie, YAO Jinai, YU Deyi, HOU Xiangyu
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
6
): 1267-1274. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2022.11.013
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To evaluate the biocontrol potential and prospect of
Metarhizium anisopliae
FM-03 and
Lecanicillium lecanii
LL-01 co-culture against the quarantine pest
Phenacoccus solani
, the affinity between these two strains, the sporulation and biomass of co-culture strains, and their laboratory pathogenicity and control efficiency against the mealybug were determined in this study. Results showed that these two strains grew normally and there was no obvious antagonistic effect to each other when they were co-cultured, because the affinity between these two strains was strong. The substance accumulation and insecticidal activity of co-culture strains FM-03 and LL-01 at the inoculation ratios 2:3 were optimal and significantly higher than the single culture strain. The total sporulation and biomass after ten days’ co-culture were 5.53×10
10
conidia/cm
2
and 0.72 g, respectively, and the sporulation proportions of strains FM-03 and LL-01 were 49.34% and 50.66%, respectively. The LC
50
value against the mealybug at ten day infection was 2.84×10
4
conidia/cm
2
. The cumulative mortality, co-infection proportion and LT
50
values for a dose of 1×10
8
conidia/mL were 97.73%, 67.01% and 3.63 d, respectively. In addition, the laboratory contro1 efficiency and co-infection proportion of the co-culture strains also enhanced with time, reaching 86.14% and 60.17% at twelve days post treatment with 1×10
8
conidia/mL. In conclusion, strains FM-03 and LL-01 co-culture at the suitable inoculation proportions has significant synergistic effect on the control of
P. solani
, suggesting that these two strains have an excellent potential in the development of compound biocontrol agent.
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Comparative Analysis of Microbial Pesticides Registration in China and United States
LI Yonghua, WANG Xinfang, ZHANG Wei, LIU Mei, WANG Chenfang, WANG Xuncheng, YAN Jiye
Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2024, 40 (
6
): 1386-1397. DOI:
10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.02.068
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Microbial pesticides, known for their high efficiency, low risk, specificity, and environmental friendliness, have become a global strategic emerging industry. This paper compared the registered active ingredients of microbial pesticides in China and the United States, revealing that China has registered a total of 45 bacterial, fungal, and viral microbial pesticide active ingredients, accounting for 35.43% of those registered in the United States. Specifically, the number of bacterial, fungal and viral ingredients of China accounted for 30.00%, 26.67% and 100.00% of that in the United States, respectively. China's registered active ingredients involved 39 species and subspecies, representing 55.71% of those in the United States, with bacterial ingredients accounting for 59.26%, fungal ingredients for 34.38%, and viral ingredients for 109.09%. Among the species and subspecies registered only in one country, China has 19 unique entries, making up 38.00% of those in the United States, with bacteria accounting for 42.11%, fungi for 8.70%, and viruses for 112.50%. This study aims to provide important references for the development of microbial pesticides in China.
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