Chinese Journal of Biological Control

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Biocontrol and Growth-Promoting Effects of Composite Bacillus Seed Coating Agents on Maize Stalk Rot

LI Yahong, YAO Liming, CHEN Xinyu, WANG Kejing, WANG Bin, JIANG Xianzhi, LIU Wende, ZHAO Changjiang, WU Hanxiang

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2026, 42 (1): 1-9. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2026.02.008

Abstract （351）

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Two composite microbial seed coating agents (MD360+MD315 and MD288+MD315) were developed against maize stalk rot to overcome the limitations of unstable efficacy associated with single-strain agents. These agents, formulated from Bacillus velezensis MD360, Bacillus subtilis MD288 and Bacillus simplex MD315, were evaluated for their effects on antibacterial activity, seed germination, plant growth, disease control and yield. The results showed that in the plate confrontation assay, the composite strains MD360 + MD315 and MD288+MD315 inhibited Fusarium graminarum by 57.44% and 55.74%, respectively, corresponding to improvements of 2.10% and 5.50% over their single-strain counterparts. Germination tests showed that seeds treated with the composite agents achieved germination rates of 90.87% (MD360 + MD315) and 90.10% (MD288 + MD315), which did not differ significantly from either the chemical agent fludioxonil or the blank control. Field assessments of maize growth revealed that at 30 days after sowing, plants treated with MD360+MD315 displayed significantly greater plant height (70.86 cm), stem diameter (29.75 mm), and above-ground fresh weight (60.20 g) than other treatments. By 60 days after sowing, MD360 + MD315 continued to outperform both the blank control and fludioxonil treatment, with plant height, stem diameter, and above-ground fresh weight reaching 216.70 cm, 33.17 mm, and 640 g, respectively. In disease control trials, the MD360+MD315 treatment demonstrated the best control effect against stalk rot, achieving a disease control efficacy of 67.70%, which was significantly higher than that of the chemical agent fludioxonil after field inoculation with F. graminarum. Moreover, yield measurements indicated this treatment significantly increased ear length and yielded the highest grain production of 692.42 kg per 667 m², corresponding to a 14.45% increase over the control. In conclusion, the synergistic interactions among different Bacillus strains enhanced the efficacy of the composite seed coating agent in promoting maize growth, controlling disease, and increasing yield, offering new insights for the design of composite Bacillus seed-coating agents.

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Optimization of Solid-State Co-Culture Conditions of Trichoderma-Bacillus and Its Control Efficacy on Cowpea Fusarium Wilt

ZHUANG Shenliang, LI Kun, HOU Jumei, LIU Tong

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1141-1153. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.064

Abstract （348）

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Fusarium wilt of cowpea, caused by Fusarium oxysporum, represents a significant constraint to the sustainable production of cowpea in China. To develop effective management strategies, two mutually compatible antagonistic strains exhibiting strong inhibitory activity against the pathogen were isolated using dual-culture assays and affinity-based screening. Molecular identification confirmed these isolates as Trichoderma koningiopsis HN-006 and Bacillus velezensis B-HN-1. Building upon these results, this study further optimized the solid-state co-culture conditions for the two antagonistic strains. Using single-factor experiments and orthogonal array testing, the optimal co-cultivation parameters were determined as follows: a substrate composed of rice, rice husk, and wheat bran in a 1:1:1 ratio, with a moisture content of 60%; an inoculation ratio of Trichoderma to Bacillus of 1:1.25 (corresponding to 2% Trichoderma and 2.5% Bacillus); delayed inoculation of Bacillus 36 hours after Trichoderma; and incubation at 27.5 ℃ for 7 days. Under these conditions, the spore concentration of Trichoderma reached 8.71 ×10⁹ CFU/g, and the viable cell count of Bacillus reached 9.07 ×10¹⁰ CFU/g. Subsequent plant growth promotion and pot experiment assays demonstrated that the co-culture product significantly enhanced cowpea growth and provided a control efficacy against wilt disease of (78.95 ± 4.59)%. This study establishes an efficient co-cultivation protocol for Trichoderma and Bacillus, and proposes a promising composite microbial inoculant for the management of cowpea Fusarium wilt.

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Creation and Application of Nano-Biopesticides Based on Star Polycationic Nanocarriers

QIAN Xin, SHEN Jie

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 991-997. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.047

Abstract （346）

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Star polycationic nanocarrier SPc has shown important application value in the creation of nano-biopesticides, which can significantly improve the stability, biocompatibility and delivery efficiency of drugs. In this review, we summarize the application examples of SPc in four kinds of biopesticide preparations, including plant-derived pesticides, bio-derived immune inducers, RNA pesticides and microbial pesticides, focus on the analysis of the technical advantages of biopesticide nano-preparations, and discuss the opportunities and challenges of nanotechnology in the sustainable development of agriculture.

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Review of Plant Beneficial Microorganisms and Their Biocontrol Mechanism in Controlling Plant Disease

CHEN Feifei, XU Shiyi, KONG Jiahui, MIN Ziquan, WANG Yahui, PAN Yuemin

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1263-1275. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.059

Abstract （336）

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Plant beneficial microorganisms have functions such as inhibiting pathogenic bacteria, enhancing plant disease resistance, promoting plant growth, and improving plant stress tolerance. Currently, plant beneficial microorganisms have become a research hotspot in the field of biological control, achieving significant development and progress. To better understand and utilize plant beneficial microorganisms, the types of plant beneficial microorganisms, their functions beneficial to plants, their interactions with plants, and the mechanism of action in biological control were reviewed in this paper, based on research progress both domestically and internationally. Additionally, it will present considerations and prospects for utilizing plant beneficial microorganisms in biological control. This will help to comprehensively understand the role of beneficial microorganisms in plants and provide new strategies for the development and utilization of beneficial microorganisms in plants.

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Biocontrol Characteristics of Bacillus velezensis YB-1465 and Its Biocontrol Effects on wheat crown rot

XU Wen, XIE Xia, LI Pan, DONG Qianqian, SUN Runhong, ZHANG Jie, XIA Mingcong, WU Chao, YANG Lirong

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (4): 877-886. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.041

Abstract （335）

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In recent years, wheat crown rot caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum has emerged as a serious soil-borne disease in Huang-Huai wheat region of China. To identify efficient biocontrol strains against this disease， a promising strain, designated YB-1465, was screened through dual-culture assays, characterization of biocontrol traits, and indoor pot experiments. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA and gyrA gene sequences identified YB-1465 as Bacillus velezensis. This strain inhibited the mycelial growth of twelve tested phytopathogenic fungi, demonstrating the highest inhibition rates (>60%) against Fusarium pseudograminearum, Botrytis cinerea, Cochliobolus sativus and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. Furthermore, B. velezensis YB-1465 exhibited multiple plant growth-promoting traits, including the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophores, and phosphate solubilization, along with the secretion of extracellular enzymes such as cellulase, β-1,3-glucanase, and pectinase. Compared to the untreated control, seed treatment with the YB-1465 suspension achieved 78.8% control efficacy against wheat seedling crown rot in pot trials. This treatment also significantly enhanced seedling growth, increasing fresh weight, plant height and root length by 148.5%, 65.33%, and 93.24%, respectively. These results demonstrate that Bacillus velezensis YB-1465 possesses significant biocontrol potential against wheat crown rot and warrants further development for biocontrol product formulations.

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Preference of Aphelinus varipes (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) for Parasitizing Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Eggplant and Green Pepper

FANG Meijuan, HE Xiaoqing, SONG Kai, LIU Dong, ZHANG Heng, WANG Yubo

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (4): 736-744. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.01.010

Abstract （268）

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Aphelinus varipes is an important parasitoid of aphids. Clarifying its preference for eggplant and green pepper will contribute the large-scale breeding of the wasp. Leaf disc and whole plant method were used to compare the parasitism of A. varipes on eggplant and green pepper under no-choice (single host plant) and choice (mixed host plants) conditions with different densities of Myzus persicae. The results showed that, under no-choice conditions, the parasitism rates of aphids on eggplant were significantly higher than those on green pepper by both leaf disc and whole plant method. At the density of 1 wasp per cage by leaf disc method, the number of parasitized aphids on eggplant and green pepper were 82.40 and 55.40, respectively. The number of parasitized aphids gradually increased with increasing wasp density. At the density of 4 and 5 wasps per disc, the number of parasitized aphids on eggplant were 231.45 and 234.20, respectively, and on green pepper, 150.95 and 147.70, respectively, no significant differences were detected between the two densities. With the whole plant method, the number of parasitized aphids was the least at the density of 10 wasps per plant, with 388.25 on eggplant and 275.05 on green pepper, and reached the highest at the density of 40 wasps per plant, with 674.25 and 590.10 on eggplant and pepper, respectively. Under choice conditions, the parasitism rates of M. persicae on eggplant was significantly higher than those on green peppers with both leaf disc method (68.61% and 31.39%, respectively) and whole plant method (60.08% and 39.92%, respectively). The average emergence rate of 1 on eggplant (82.79%) was significantly higher than that on green pepper (73.76%) with leaf disc method, but was not significantly different between the two plants with whole plant method, which reached over 90%. Therefore, the aphids with eggplant as host plant are more suitable for the growth of A. varipes.

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Antifungal Effect and Mechanism of Bacillus velezensis LY7 on Colletotrichum scovillei

Lü Hong, ZOU Xiaolu, XU Zilu, QIN Nan, YIN Hui, REN Lu, ZHAO Xiaojun

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1104-1118. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.044

Abstract （264）

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Pepper anthracnose is one of the three major diseases of pepper. Due to the genetic diversity of Colletotrichum pathogen complexes, single-site fungicides are difficult to achieve good control effects. This study explored its biological control methods in order to provide more effective measures for the prevention and control of pepper anthracnose. A strain of Bacillus velezensis LY7 with good inhibitory effect on Colletotrichum scovillei was isolated from pepper leaves. Its biological characteristics were determined by colorimetry, and the optimal fermentation conditions were optimized by growth rate method. The volatiles of the strain LY7 were identified by solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME?GC?MS) and assessed for virulence. In addition, the antifungal lipopeptide was isolated and purified by hydrochloric acid precipitation method, and identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Further, the antifungal active substances produced by strain LY7 were isolated and identified, and the control effect was determined by field experiment. The results showed that the growth conditions of strain LY7 could meet its application in field production practice. The optimal fermentation conditions were as follows: YSP medium with glucose as carbon source, yeast powder and peptone as nitrogen source, 1% (v/v) inoculation, 30 ℃, pH 5.0, 160 r/min for 72 h, and the stability of its metabolites was better. Strain LY7 could produce 6 volatile substances, including 2-undecanol, 2-undecanone and 2-dodecanone, among which 2-undecanol has higher toxicity to C. scovillei with an EC₅₀ of 6.73 μL/mL. In addition, strain LY7 can also produce 56 potential antibacterial lipopeptides that inhibit the occurrence of C. scovillei, including 42 fatty amides (FA), 8 isoamyl alcohol lipids (PR), 3 sphingosines (SP), 2 glycerophospholipids (GP), and 1 quaternary ammonium alkali (QA). Field experiments showed that the 80-fold diluted fermentation broth of strain LY7 had the highest control effect, reaching 76.70%, which was significantly higher than the treatment of prochloraz in the field. The results of this study laid a foundation for the future development and application of the strain.

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Control of Adults of Myllocerinus aurolineatus Voss by Combining Beauveria bassiana with Reduced Pesticide

LI Huiling, LIU Fengjing, LI Jinyu, ZHANG Hui, LI Liangde, WANG Dingfeng

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1078-1086. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.11.001

Abstract （259）

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This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of Beauveria bassiana in conjunction with a reduced pesticide in controlling the adult population of Myllocerinus aurolineatus Voss, employing a potted plant experiment and a field experiment by using 100 billion spores/g Bb338 of wettable powder, 1.3% soluble matrine, and 25g/L bifenthrin EC. Among the six biocontrol fungi, Bb338 had the highest toxicity to the weevil with the shortest LT₅₀ value (4.005 d) and the highest corrected mortality (100%) at 8 d post treatment. The potted plant experiment showed that the control efficiency of Bb338 combined with 50%-reduced matrine was 20.00% and 17.58% higher than that of Bb338 alone at 3 d and 5 d post treatment, respectively, similar to that of 25%-reduced matrine alone but higher than that of 75%-reduced matrine alone. The control efficiency of Bb338 combined with 75%-reduced bifenthrin EC was 95.06% at 10 days post treatment, higher than that of Bb338 alone. The field experiment showed that the control of Bb338 combined with 50 g/L bifenthrin EC was the highest at 3 days post treatment, higher than that of Bb338 alone and Bb338 combined with 50%-reduced matrine. At 25 days post treatment, the control of Bb338 combined with 50%-reduced matrine was the highest (67.70%). The combined applications of Bb338 and matrine or bifenthrin have significant synergistic effects on M. aurolineatus.

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Preliminary Studies on Feeding Preference and Natural Enemy Attraction of Fall Webworm from Delaware

LI Hanyang, DANG Yingqiao, CAO Liangming, WANG Xiaoyi

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 998-1007. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.01.012

Abstract （250）

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The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), is an international quarantine insect pest. After invasion to China, it rapidly spreads and becomes a major pest, showing an expanding population trend. The absence of effective natural enemies in China has been a key factor for the high population density of the fall webworm. In its native range, the fall webworm is considered a minor pest, and available literature on its occurrence and natural enemies is limited and mostly outdated. Therefore, investigating the occurrence of the pest and its natural enemies in its native range not only enriches our understanding of its biology but also provides valuable insights for managing and controlling the pest in invaded regions. Based on the occurrence investigation conducted in Delaware, USA, the feeding preferences and natural enemies of the fall webworm were further examined in its native range. The results revealed that, among the 39 plant species investigated in Delaware, the fall webworm fed on 33 species, with 25 species being particularly preferred. The species were: Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Quercus rubra, Rubus coreanus, Rhamnus utilis, Pyrus calleryana, Betula nigra, Juglans nigra, Quercus aliena, Cercis canadensis, Lonicera chrysantha, Lonicera macckii, Paulownia tomentosa, Ilex opaca, Chionanthus virginicus, Lindera glauca, Acer platanoides, Cerasus avium, Viburnum acerifolium, Morus alba, Prunus perulata, Tilia cordata, Viburnum plicatum, Erechtites hieraciifolius, Acalypha australis, and Celastrus orbiculatus. The preferred plant species in USA differed from those in China. Compared to the pests in pure forests, the pupae of fall webworm in mixed forests were attacked by more species of natural enemies, for longer durations, and at higher probability. The primary predators of the fall webworm in its native range were ants, ladybugs, and jumping spiders, while its pupae were parasitized by parasitic flies. In the future, continue survey of the parasitoid species in the native range is needed, which may provide technology and products for biological control of the pest in the invaded areas.

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Isolation and Identification of Bacillus velezensis and the Growth Promotion and Disease Control Effect on Atractylodes macrocephala Root Rot Disease

HE Binqi, DU Lixin, LI Zixu, HOU Xiaoqiang, LIU Xiaowei, JI Lijing

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (6): 1359-1368. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.07.010

Abstract （248）

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Atractylodes macrocephala root rot disease poses a significant constraint on the production of A. macrocephala. The primary pathogens responsible for this disease are Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani. In this study, antagonistic strains B205 and B207 were screened out from 228 bacterial strains isolated from soil samples by the plate confrontation method. The two strains exhibited average inhibition rates of 60.0% and 61.2% against F. oxysporum, and 61.4% and 63.5% against F. solani, respectively. Furthermore, pot experiments demonstrated that these strains had substantial control effects on A. macrocephala root rot disease, with preventing rates of 52.6% for B205 and 76.0% for B207. In addition to their biocontrol capabilities, the optimal concentration for B205 and B207 strains to promote the germination of A. macrocephala seeds was determined to be 1× 10⁹ CFU/mL, and the optimal treatment time was 10 minutes. When seeds were treated with the fermentation broth of B207, significant improvements were observed in various germination indicators compared to the control. Specifically, the germination potential, germination percentage, radicle length, germination index and vigor index increased by 64.2%, 35.3%, 37.2%, 59.0% and 119.9%, respectively. Although B205 fermentation broth also led to higher germination indicators than the control, only the vigor index showed a statistically significant increase. Pot experiments further revealed that both B205 and B207 strains could promote the growth of A. macrocephala seedlings. In particular, B207 treatment significantly increased the plant height, fresh weight, leaf number and root vitality of A. macrocephala plants, with an increase rate of 27.2%, 37.9%, 24.0% and 145.9%, respectively. It also showed a significant promoting effect on the number of buds and the aboveground dry weight. In addition, both B205 and B207 strains can produce IAA, and the amount of IAA produced by B205 and B207 in DF+ medium were 29.58 μg·mL^-1 and 25.62 μg·mL^-1, respectively, which were significantly higher than the control of 7.12 μg·mL^-1. Through 16S rDNA and gyrB gene sequence analysis, strains B205 and B207 were identified as Bacillus velezensis. This study indicates the potential of both B. velezensis B205 and B207 in preventing disease and promoting growth of A. macrocephala. Among them, B207 emerges as a particularly promising microbial strain with biocontrol potential in the production of A. macrocephala.

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Biological Control Resources of Gynaephora spp., and Their Application Status

HAN Shunda, CHEN Junjie, CHEN Wanbin, ZHANG Maosen, ZHANG Lisheng

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1256-1262. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.11.003

Abstract （245）

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Gynaephora spp. are among the most destructive pests in alpine grasslands of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, feeding predominantly on Cyperaceae and Poaceae grasses, and thereby accelerating grassland degradation and ecological deterioration. As a cornerstone of sustainable pest management, biological control plays a critical role in the integrated management of these grassland caterpillars. We provide a comprehensive review of the natural enemies and other biotic agents associated with Gynaephora spp., cataloguing 14 parasitoids, 10 predators, and 38 additional organisms with demonstrated or potential biocontrol value. Advances in the evaluation and deployment of these agents, both within China and internationally, are critically reviewed with emphasis on their efficacy. This review establishes a scientific foundation for the long-term, environment-friendly management of Gynaephora spp. through utilization of biocontrol resources.

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Screening and Identification of Biocontrol Fungi against Fusarium Wilt of Banana and Evaluation of Their Control Effect

YIN Shunli, MAO Jun, WANG Jielin, FENG Chencheng, DING Yue, SU Yuan, BAI Tingting

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1188-1199. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.061

Abstract （239）

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To explore the biocontrol strains with good control effects on banana Fusarium wilt disease, forty five strains of fungi were isolated from forest soil and banana plantation soil in this study. Using the plate confrontation method, nine strains with good inhibitory effects on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) were obtained. All of nine showed an inhibition rate exceeding 64%. Under the scanning electron microscope, it was observed that six strains caused Foc TR4 to exhibit morphological abnormalities, including shrunken and desiccated hyphae as well as deformed spores. However, the remaining three strains had no observable effect on Foc TR4 morphology. The greenhouse pot experiments were used to evaluate the control effect of 9 stains on banana Fusarium wilt disease, and the results showed that all nine strains had significant control effects. Strain HH16, HH19 and HH20 have the best control effect on banana Fusarium wilt disease, with the control efficacy greater than 64%. Morphological and molecular biological identification revealed the following results, strain BL01 as Trichoderma hamatum, BL02 as T. spirale, BL03 as T. lixii, BL04 as T. pinicola, BL05 as Penicillium raistrickii, BL08 as P. brefeldianum, HH16 as T. yunnanense, HH19 as T. crassum, and HH20 as T. virens. This study will provide theoretical basis and technical support for the development and application of biocontrol agents for banana Fusarium wilt disease.

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Screening of Microbial and Chemical Fungicides and Evaluation of Their Combined Application with Seed Coating Agents for Controlling Sesame Fusarium Wilt

ZHAO Xinbei, NI Yunxia, LIU Xintao, ZHAO Hui, WANG Jing, HE Bipo, ZHANG Chunyan, YAN Wenqing, LI Yongdong, LIU Hongyan

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (6): 1379-1389. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.072

Abstract （239）

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Fusarium wilt is one of the most common and serious diseases in sesame. This study aimed to screen efficient commercial microbial agents and fungicides for controlling sesame Fusarium wilt. It also aimed to clarify the synergistic effect of microbial agents, fungicides and seed coating agents. Inhibitory effect of fungicides on F. oxysporum was determined by hyphal growth rate method. Control effect of microbial agents, fungicides, and their synergistic use with seed coating agents was determined by pot experiment. Three microbial agents with a control efficacy above 50% at the sesame flowering stage were screened. Among them, the representative strains Tulaoban^® Trichoderma harzianum powder and Yiqiang Bio^® Bacillus subtilis powder showed control efficacies of 58.38% and 31.60%, respectively, in the capsule stage. Three highly effective and low-toxicity fungicides were screened, including: 30% myclobutanil·ethirimol suspension, 30% pyraclostrobin suspension, and 40% difenoconazole suspension, with the control efficiencies of 67.39%, 45.66%, and 45.66%, respectively. Five groups of microbial agents, fungicides, and seed coating agents with a control efficacy above 70% were screened. The treatment group Yiqiang Bio^® B. subtilis powder + 15% carbendazim·thiram suspension seed coating agent + 30% pyraclostrobin suspension had the best control efficacy 89.65%. This study screened effective microbial agents and low-toxicity fungicides for controlling sesame Fusarium wilt and also provided a synergistic control strategy combining microbial agents, fungicides and seed coating agents for the whole sesame growth period.

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Control Effect of Composite Microbial Consortium on Astragalus membranaceus Root Rot and Its Influence on Microorganism Community in Rhizosphere Soil

WANG Yan, ZHAO Rui, GAO Yuqing, LI Jiangbo, WANG Chunwei

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2026, 42 (1): 10-22. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.068

Abstract （237）

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To screen composite microbial consortium for the control of Astragalus membranaceus root rot, antagonistic strains were screened from the rhizosphere soil of A. membranaceus using the gradient dilution and plate confrontation methods. The strains were further identified based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and molecular biology methods. The antagonistic strains were combined to construct a consortium, and its effects on defense related enzymes in A. membranaceus roots were evaluated. The influence of the composite microbial consortium on soil bacterial community was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that strains 6-35, 17-27 and 62-313 could significantly inhibit Fusarium oxysporum, with the inhibition zone width of 6.5, 8.4 and 4.2 mm, respectively. Strains 6-35, 17-27 and 62-313 were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Paenibacillus polymyxa and B. cereus, respectively. The optimal fermentation ratio was 3:1:1, with an inhibition rate of 40.90%. The composite microbial consortium showed the control efficacy of 72.17% and 80.36% at 7 and 14 d after inoculation on A. membranaceus root rot, respectively. After treatment with the composite microbial consortium, the activities of chitinase, peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), andcatalase (CAT) significantly increased in A. membranaceus roots. The application of composite microbial consortium could increase α and β diversity of rhizosphere bacterial communities, and various beneficial microorganisms such as Gemmatimonas and Streptomyces in the treatment soil was significantly higher than that in the control soil. The composite microbial consortium had excellent control effects on A. membranaceus root rot, and might be used for the development and application of biological control reagent.

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Lethal and Behavioral Effects of Chlorantraniliprole on the Parasitoid Wasp Trichogramma chilonis

SHENG Jiazhong, ZHANG Wenzhe, ZHANG Chuanqing, LIU Yahui

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (6): 1300-1306. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.01.008

Abstract （233）

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Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is an important parasitoid of many lepidopterous pests on various crops. In order to determine the safety of chlorantraniliprole to the parasitoid, the acute toxicity of chlorantraniliprole to the adults was measured, and the behavioral effects of chlorantraniliprole at field-recommended concentrations on T. chilonis were evaluated in laboratory. The results showed that chlorantraniliprole was at a low risk level to T. chilonis with LC₅₀ of 177 mg/L, but long-term treatment significantly reduced the lifespan by 1.75 d. The parasitoid exhibited Holling type Ⅱ functional response, with an instantaneous attack rate of 1.343, a maximum parasitism capacity of 57.471 eggs/d, which was reduced by 1.25 times when the wasps were treated with chlorantraniliprole. The treatment not only reduced the host selection rate of T. chilonis adults significantly, but also significantly extended the host search and location time. Although the treatment had no significant effect on the mating success rate, it significantly extended the mating detection and courtship time, and decreased the duration of copulation time. The treatment had no significant effect on oviposition duration and offspring sex ratio, but significantly increased the pause time during ovulation. In conclusion, the field recommended concentration of chlorantraniliprole has a negative effect on host search and location and oviposition behavior of T. chilonis, which has to be considered in balancing the compatibility of biological and chemical control.

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Identification of Bacillus velezensis BV-3 and Its Control Effect on Southern Corn Leaf Blight

WU Mengjing, HUANG Peng, ZHANG Jie, ZHENG Luping, YU Deyi, LIN Sheng, WU Zujian, YAO Jinai

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (4): 887-894. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.043

Abstract （232）

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Southern corn leaf blight caused by Bipolaris maydis has been spreading and causing significant damage in corn-growing regions of Fujian Province. To obtain effective biological control bacteria against southern corn leaf blight, various antagonistic bacteria were isolated from corn rhizosphere soil by the plate dilution method and the antibacterial activity of the isolated strains were determined by the plate confrontation method. Then the strains demonstrating strong antagonism were subsequently identified, and their antibacterial spectrum and pot control efficiency were evaluated. The results showed that 25 monospore strains were isolated from the soil, and 3 strains exhibited significant inhibitory effects against B. maydis. The strain BV-3 domonstrated the strongest antagonism with the inhibition zone width of 18.04 mm. Based on morphological, physiological, biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis, the strain BV-3 was identified as Bacillus velezensis. This strain displayed a broad antibacterial spectrum and showed good inhibitory effect against 5 pathogenic fungi of corn leaf spot disease. In pot experiment, the control efficacies of strain BV-3 against southern corn leaf spot on resistant variety ‘Xin Zhong Yu 801’ and susceptible variety ‘Min tian 986’ varieties reached 73.72%～92.00% and 68.27%～84.62% in 7～14 days, respectively. In conclusion, Bacillus velezensis BV-3 effectively controls southern corn leaf blight and demonstrates significant potential as a biocontrol agent.

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Effects of Different Storage Methods on the Reproductive Potential of Trichogramma dendrolimi

LI Hui, ZHANG Qianyu, ZHENG Meixin, SONG Xiaoyang, GUO Jiaqing, ZHANG Xue, ZHANG Junjie, SHI Hongwei

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (6): 1293-1299. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.01.020

Abstract （231）

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This study aimed to investigate the differences in reproductive potential of Trichogramma dendrolimi after diapause induction and cold storage. The findings are expected to provide references for the mass-rearing, storage, and application of T. dendrolimi. In this research, the Trichogramma insects were either maintained a 30-day diapause or kept in a 30-day cold storage. Seven biological indicators were measured: the number of parasitized host eggs, the proportion of wasp eggs laid on the first day, the number of wasp eggs in ovary, the proportion of mature wasp eggs, longevity, oviposition duration, and duration of laying behavior. The results showed that, compared with the wasps maintained at normal temperature, diapause and cold storage significantly increased the number of eggs in ovary and lifetime eggs, and decreased the proportion of eggs laid on the first day. Diapause significantly increased the proportion of mature eggs and longevity in T. dendrolimi, while refrigeration led to a decline in both indicators. In addition, diapause treatment significantly shortened the time required for laying behavior, while cold storage increased the time required. However, no significant differences in oviposition duration were observed between the three treatments. Compared with cold storage wasps, diapause T. dendrolimi were superior in all the indexes investigated in this study. When the storage duration was 30 days, diapause obviously improved the overall quality of T. dendrolimi, while cold storage had a certain degree of negative impact.

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Isolation and Identification of Trichoderma harzianum TW21990 and Its Control Effect on Strawberry Root Rot

LI Hongmei, WEI Yanli, YANG Kai, HU Jindong, LI Yang, ZHAO Zhongjuan, LI Jishun, YANG Jianwen

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1179-1187. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.058

Abstract （231）

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The aim of this study was to screen antagonistic Trichoderma strains with biocontrol effects against strawberry root rot in Licheng District, Jinan city. The pathogens causing strawberry root rot were identified based on morphology and ITS sequence. The antagonistic Trichoderma strains were screened against dominant pathogens with strong susceptibility, and the biocontrol effect of selected Trichoderma strains was evaluated by pot experiment and field test. The results showed that the dominant pathogens of strawberry root rot in Licheng District were Colletotrichum spp., among which a highly susceptible strain of CM9 was identified as C. siamense by polygene sequence characterization. Trichoderma harzianum TW21990 was selected for its excellent antagonistic activity by plate confrontation, with inhibition rates of volatile and soluble metabolites against C. siamense CM9 reaching 53.32% and 63.24%, respectively. Pot experiment and field test demonstrated that control efficacy of TW21990 against strawberry root rot was 61.14% and 60.70%, respectively. In addition TW21990 treatment significantly improved the quality of strawberry fruit. The content of vitamin C, soluble sugar and soluble solids in the fruit with increased by 32.89%, 32.06% and 11.96% respectively compared with the control group. In conclusion, TW21990 showed great application potential for strawberry production.

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Application of Trichoderma Bioactive Metabolites-based Composite Formulation in Controlling of Rice Pests and Diseases

BAI Zhenxu, JI Tiancen, CHEN Lusheng, ZHANG Weikang, CAO Yurong, ZHU Caihua, DING Chu, CHEN Yong, LU Mingchang, WANG Wenli, CHEN Jie

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1166-1178. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.055

Abstract （229）

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To develop Trichoderma bioactive metabolites –based product for green pest control in rice, the shelf life of the bioactive metabolites was first evaluated. The results showed that after one year of storage at room temperature (25℃), the retention rate of its main components ranged between 86.76% and 99.24%, demonstrating excellent stability of the Trichoderma bioactive metabolites. And further, the synergistic effect of mixed use of Trichoderma bioactive metabolites–based composite formulation Wotaibao (prepared with Trichoderma culture filtrate, amino acid and mcicroelements) and different pesticides (in the reduced and full use) on the control of rice pest insects and fungal diseases was clarified through the two-year demonstration field trial in Shanghai areas. Field demonstration trials in Songjiang District showed that the effectiveness of Trichoderma bioactive metabolites–based composite formulation + 75% tebuconazole-pyrimethanil aqueous dispersible granule + selenium and silica fertilizer in preventing rice grain black spot (caused by Curvularia plantarum), rice spikelet rot (caused by Fusarium fujikuroi) and rice sheath blight (caused by Rhizoctonia solani) reached 54.31%, 35.54% and 70.15%, respectively, and the combined use significantly increased the Aldehydes flavor substances in rice grains, which were commonly considered as pivotal substances in Chinese Fragrant Rice; the prevention effect of Trichoderma bioactive metabolites–based composite formulation + 75% oxime-pentaconazole aqueous dispersible granule + selenium and silicon fertilizer against Rice Sheath Blight reached more than 77.91%, which was more than that of single use of two chemical pesticides. Field demonstration trials in Jinshan District showed that Trichoderma bioactive metabolites–based composite formulation mixed with polyhedrosis virus suspension of 3 billion PIB/mL, 50% pymetrozine and 23% kresoxim-methyl·epoxiconazole achieved control of 96.78% and 88.26% against the Rice Leaf Rollers (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) and Rice Planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens),respectively; however, a single spraying of the full amount of chemical pesticides was revealed only control of 55.73% and 44.54% against rice leaf rollers and rice planthoppers, respectively, obviously lower than the mixed use of Trichoderma active metabolites agent and chemical pesticides. Overall, the preparation of Trichoderma active metabolites agent held the advantages in the diversified active ingredients, long shelf-life, suitability, and significant synergistic effect with chemical pesticides for the prevention and control of rice pest insects and fungal diseases. This study provided a new technique for enhancing the green control effectiveness against rice pest insects and fungal diseases based on the combined use of Trichoderma active metabolites agent and low-dose pesticides. This study laid the foundation for further improving the quality of Trichoderma bioactive metabolites-based composite formulation and enhancing their application level in the green control of rice pests and diseases, thereby reducing the use of chemical pesticides.

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Formulation Optimization of Pseudomonas donghuensis ZF510 Wettable Powder and Its Control Effect on Soft Rot of Chinese Cabbage

LIU Yang, QIN Shiyang, SHI Bin, XIE Xuewen, SHI Yanxia, CHAI Ali, FAN Tengfei, LI Baoju, LI Lei

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1119-1132. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.060

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To obtain an efficient biocontrol antimicrobial agent against Chinese cabbage soft rot, single factor test and orthogonal test design were used to optimize the fermentation process of Pseudomonas donghuensis ZF510. Subsequently, the appropriate carriers and adjuvants were screened to prepare a wettable powder, and its stability as well as pot control efficacy were evaluated. The results showed that the optimal fermentation medium for strain ZF510 was dextrin 25 g/L, yeast powder 5 g/L, NaCl 1.5 g/L, MgSO₄·7H₂O 1.5 g/L. The optimal fermentation conditions were as follows: fermentation temperature 30 ℃ , pH 8.0, inoculation concentration 2%, 100 mL medium in 250 mL flask, rotation speed 200 rpm. The optimal formulation of WP was white carbon black as carrier, 1.5% Morwet EFW wetting agent, 3% Morwet IP dispersing agent, 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose as protective agent, 1.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as stabilizer. The viable count of the preparation was 7.9×10¹⁰ CFU/g, wetting time 103 s, suspension rate 80.58%, pH 7.82, the moisture content was 2.11%, impurity rate 2.94%, and the ratio transiting standard test sieve with 74 μm was 97.02%, which was in line with national standards and quality standards. Pot experiment demonstrated the 500-fold wettable powder of Pseudomonas donghuensis ZF510 has a good control effect on Chinese cabbage soft rot, with a control efficacy of 67.92%. This study lays the technical foundation for the development and application of Pseudomonas donghuensis ZF510 wettable powder.

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