Chinese Journal of Biological Control

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Screening and Effect of Compatible Bactericides Funqicides Combinated Bacillus velezensis FX1 on Pear Fire Blight

LI Xingchen, WANG Qian, SHENG Qiang, WANG Yifan, LUO Ming

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (2): 384-395. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.030

Abstract （520）

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To improve the control efficacy of pear fire blight and reduce the use of chemical bactericides, this study aimed to screen for synergistic combinations and optimal mixing ratios between the biocontrol strain Bacillus velezensis FX1 and compatible chemical bactericides. The biocompatibility of FX1 fermentation broth with seven tested bactericides was evaluated using plate colony counting and turbidimetry assays, while the synergistic effects of the combinations were determined by the Horsfall method. The control efficacy of the mixtures was further assessed through experiments on detached flowers of Pyrus sinkiangensis and potted P. betulifolia seedlings. Results showed that FX1 strain had poor compatibility with 5% zhongshengmycin WP, 20% thiazide copper SC, 20% thiazole zinc SC, 3% benziothiazolinone WDG, and 46% copper hydroxide WDG, moderate compatibility with 40% Kasugamycin thiazole zinc SC,and the best compatibility with 2% Kasugamycin AS. At low concentrations and recommended field application concentrations, the inhibition rate of 2%Kasugamycin AS on B. velezensis FX1 was less than 14%, and the endospore germination rate remained above 83% after 30 days of mixing culture. The in vitro toxicity of a mixture of FX1 fermentation broth and 2% Kasugamycin AS against Erwinia amylovora was determined by co-culturing, and the optimal compounding ratio was determined using the Horsfall method. The combination of FX1 fermentation broth and 2%Kasugamycin AS at a volume ratio of 6∶ 4, 5∶ 5 and 4∶ 6 inhibited the growth of E. amylovora by more than 70%, with a synergic ratio value (IR) greater than 1.7, exhibiting a significant synergistic effect. The control efficacy of these mixtures was evaluated using detached flowers of Pyrus sinkiangensis and potted P. betulifolia seedlings. Through spraying the combination of FX1 broth (1×10⁶ cfu/mL) and 2% kasugamycin AS (2000 μg/mL) with volume ratios of 6∶ 4 and 5∶ 5, it was determined that the protective efficacy of over 85% against blossom blight on detached P. sinkiangensis flowers after 3 days treatments, while both protective and therapeutic efficacy reached over 80% on P. betulifolia seedlings after 7 days, and maintaining above 71% after 10 and 14 days. These results were significantly higher than that of single agent treatments or other combination treatments. Based on all the above results, and the principle of reducing chemical bactericides usage, the optimal mixing ratio of FX1 fermentation broth and 2% Kasugamycin AS was determined to be 6∶ 4. Notably, the combination of B. velezensis FX1 and 2% Kasugamycin AS not only decreases chemical usage， but also significantly enhances control efficacy for pear fire blight.

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Screening of Endophytic Fungi of Andrographis paniculata Resistant to Ralstonia solanacearum Infecting Peanuts and Study of Their Inhibitory Components

HUANG Jin, HU Jinwen, DING Mei, YANG Fan, LUO Wenrong, DU Qin

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (2): 396-410. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.028

Abstract （486）

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To identify potential biocontrol strains against peanut bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, we screened endophytic fungi of Andrographis paniculata leaves using the Oxford cup inhibition method. A strain with strong inhibitory activity against R. solanacearum was isolated and identified as Colletotrichum sp. CXL-11 based on morphological characteristics and 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis. We further investigated its antibacterial mechanism through co-culture experiments and analyzed the antifungal components in its fermentation extract using LC-MS metabolomics. The bioactivity of selected metabolites against R. solanacearum was also validated. The results showed that the fermentation extract of CXL-11 produced an inhibition zone of 19.08 mm against R. solanacearum, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.625 mg/mL. The extract disrupted the membrane integrity of R. solanacearum, causing surface shrinkage and deformation of bacterial cells, and induced oxidative stress through the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Metabolomic analysis revealed that the primary antifungal components were polyketides and coumarins, including isogentisin, bergapten, scopoletin, scopolin, and esculetin, all of which exhibited inhibitory effects against R. solanacearum. The biosynthesis pathway of cofactors was identified as a key mechanism underlying the antibacterial activity of CXL-11. In conclusion, the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum sp. CXL-11 demonstrates significant potential as a biocontrol agent for peanut bacterial wilt. This study provides theoretical support for the development of natural antimicrobial agents and highlights the promising application of CXL-11 in sustainable disease management.

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Research Progress on Biological Control of Root Rot Disease in Root- and Rhizome-Derived Traditional Chinese Medicines

XIAO Ouli, WANG Jiale, CHEN Jieyin, DAI Xiaofeng, KONG Zhiqiang

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 511-519. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.037

Abstract （465）

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With the scarcity of wild medicinal plant resources and the increase in market demand, conventionally cultivated medicinal plants have become the dominant source in the market. However, due to soil degradation, imbalance in the rhizosphere microbial community, and the accumulation of allelopathic and autotoxic substances, root rot has emerged as a major disease in the cultivation of root- and rhizome-derived traditional Chinese medicines (RR-TCMs) in single, intensive, large-scale cultivation. It has a high incidence rate and is difficult to control, severely affecting the yield and quality of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Currently, the application of microbial biocontrol agents in the control of diseases and pests of medicinal plants offers promising prospects for the sustainable development of TCMs. This paper presents a review of the antagonistic microorganisms and biological control mechanisms of root rot disease in RR-TCMs, aiming to provide a reference for the control of root rot.

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Isolation and Identification of Antagonistic Bacterial Strain FCR-Y1 against Wheat Crown Rot and Its Effect on Disease Control and Growth Promotion

ZHU Wenting, ZHANG Mengning, ZHAO Peiyi, WANG Ziming, SHI Yan, SUN Bingjian, CHEN Linlin, LI Honglian

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (2): 373-383. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.027

Abstract （430）

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Fusarium crown rot (FCR), caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum, is recognized as one of the most destructive wheat diseases in China. Isolating and screening antagonistic bacteria from wheat rhizosphere soil for FCR control represents an environmentally friendly green strategy for disease management. In this study, an antagonistic bacterium, designated FCR-Y1, that efficiently inhibited F. pseudograminearum was isolated from wheat rhizosphere soil by the plate dilution method and confrontation test. The strain FCR-Y1 was identified as Bacillus based on its morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA and gyrA gene sequences placed FCR-Y1 in the same clade as Bacillus subtilis, leading to its identification as B. subtilis. The strain FCR-Y1 also exhibited inhibitory effects against several other plant pathogenic fungi. Indoor pot-culture experiments revealed that FCR-Y1 achieved both preventive and therapeutic efficacy exceeding 60% against FCR, Additionally, the bacterial suspension of FCR-Y1 effectively inhibited the germination of F. pseudograminearum conidia, and the water-soluble extracts of its fermentation filtrate contained abundant antimicrobial components. These findings suggest that B. subtilis FCR-Y1, isolated from wheat rhizosphere soil, holds promising application potential in the prevention and control of FCR.

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Investigation and Identification of Parasitic Natural Enemy Tachinid Resources of Gynaephora qinghaiensis

RUAN Xiaoyu, WANG Shasha, LAI Youpeng

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (2): 269-275. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.07.006

Abstract （417）

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In order to clarify the species and parasitic morphology of the parasitic natural enemy insect-parasitoid flies of the grassland caterpillars, three species of parasitoid flies hatched from the grassland caterpillar were identified in this study by morphological classification and molecular sequencing: Gymnophryxe inconspicua (Villeneuve, 1924), Exorista laruarum (Linnaeus, 1758) and Chetogena gynmephorae Chao et Shi, 1987. Among them, the dominant species of parasitic natural enemies of grassland caterpillars in this area are Gymnophryxe inconspicua and Exonista laruarum. Through the survey and statistics of the parasitism rate of natural enemies in grassland caterpillars, the parasitism rate of parasitoids in grassland caterpillars was found to be increasing and then decreasing, and the parasitoid flies mainly parasitized the 6^th and 7^th instar larvae of grassland caterpillars from July to August. In this experiment, indoor dissection revealed that a single prairie caterpillar hosted from 2 to 5 parasitoid larvae. The purpose of this study is to lay a foundation for the biological control technology of grassland caterpillars, and also to provide a theoretical basis for the parasitism mode, parasitism period and parasitism state of parasitic natural enemy insects, which is of great significance for the protection of the ecological environment of grassland in alpine rangeland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

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Effect of Variable Temperature and Rapid Cold Hardening on Growth and Development of Trichopria drosophilae

ZHANG Qinyuan, LIU Xuxiang, CHEN Jun, WU Yuhong, XU Weijie, FAN Qingwen, YANG Yongbang, CHEN Shi, JI Qinge

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (2): 251-259. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.07.015

Abstract （373）

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Trichopria drosophilae is an important parasitoid in pupal stage of Drosophila suzukii. After parasitizing D. suzukii, T. drosophilae develops in host pupae, so as to realize the control of D. suzukii. As a practical storage and treatment method for natural enemies, low temperature plays an important role in extending the shelf life of natural enemies. Using emergence rate and sex ratio as indexes, the effects of variable temperature and rapid cold hardening on cold storage of T. drosophilae were studied. The results of variable temperature test showed that there was no significant difference in emergence rate of T. drosophilae between treatment and control group (76.64%) after storage with T5 at 4^th instar larvae stage for 10 (72.62%) and 15 days (65.99%). Under the same temperature, the emergence rate of 4^th instar larval T. drosophilae decreased with the extension of storage time. Under the same torage time, the emergence rate of 4^th instar larval T. drosophilae was significantly higher than that under constant temperature treatment. There was no difference in sex ratio of emerging adults after the same variable temperature treatment and different storage time. The rapid cold hardening experiment showed that there was no significant difference in the emergence rate of 4^th instar larval and 1 day old pupal T. drosophilae after cold hardening. At 10 and 15 days of storage, the sex ratio of 4^th instar larval T. drosophilae with rapid cold hardening was significantly higher than that of the control and direct cold storage. At the same storage temperature, the sex ratio of 4^th instar larval and 1 day old pupal T. drosophilae emerged after rapid cold hardening did not change significantly with the extension of storage time. The results of this study can provide a reference for low temperature storage and rapid cold hardening before low temperature storage, and provide an important basis for extending the shelf life of natural enemy insects.

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Inhibitory Effect of Dual Yeast Combination on Penicillium expansum and Patulin in Postharvest Apples

LIN Nan, CONG Longmei, HU Junyue, ZHANG Qian, SHI Junfeng, DU Jingting

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (2): 362-372. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.018

Abstract （359）

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Postharvest blue mold, a major contributor to apple fruit decay and economic losses during storage, poses significant challenges to the fruit industry. This study investigated the synergistic effects of combining Metschnikowia zizyphicola (MZ) and Meyerozyma caribbica (MC) at a 1:1 ratio for disease suppression. The mixed yeast consortium demonstrated markedly enhanced antifungal activity compared to individual strains. In vitro co-cultivation assays revealed that the cell biomass of the mixed culture after 72 h was 59.52-fold and 16.99-fold higher than that of MZ and MC alone, respectively. Furthermore, the consortium exhibited superior colonization capacity on apple wounds, with viable cell counts 7.03-fold and 3.55-fold greater than single-strain treatments after 5 days of inoculation. Mechanistic analysis indicated that the mixed yeast enhanced apple resistance to blue mold by activating phenylpropanoid metabolism-related enzymes (e.g., PPO, POD, PAL) and elevating the accumulation of key defense metabolites, including lignin, total phenols, and flavonoids. Notably, both yeast strains exhibited potent patulin (PAT) degradation capabilities. The consortium achieved complete degradation of 10 μg/mL PAT within 24 h and demonstrated a PAT degradation rate of 70.19% in apple wounds after 8 days, surpassing individual treatments by 15.98% and 11.89%. PAT degradation was primarily attributed to intracellular enzymatic activity, which was significantly amplified by PAT induction. This study highlights the synergistic potential of yeast combinations in postharvest disease management and mycotoxin detoxification, offering a promising biocontrol strategy for sustainable fruit preservation.

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Morphological Differences in Embryonic and Post-embryonic Development between Male and Female of Encarsia lutea

WU Shengyong, NING Xiaoxue, MAN Xiaoming, LIU Wanxue, YANG Nianwan

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (2): 464-472. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.03.004

Abstract （356）

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To deepen our comprehension of the individual growth and development of both male and female Encarsia lutea Masi, and to contribute to the foundational biological knowledge of the Encarsia genus, we employed a tracking and recording method. Continuous observations were made on the embryonic development, post-embryonic development process, and morphological changes of both male and female. The findings reveal that during the embryonic development process, both female and male embryos undergo similar stages, encompassing nuclear division (1 ― 8 h), blastoderm formation (9 ― 12 h), germ layer formation (13 ― 23 h), gradual development of organs and systems (24―94 h), appearance of the embryonic membrane (69―84 h), and completion of internal embryonic development (85 ― 96 h). Both female and male wasps of E. lutea as endoparasitoids, and their morphological distinctions are not significant. Consequently, in the post-embryonic development process, morphological descriptions before pupation are based on females. Following oviposition, females develop into first-instar larvae in approximately 4 days. The first-instar larval period lasts about 1 day, the second-instar larval period is about 1 day, the third-instar larval period is about 2 days, and the prepupal period lasts about 1 day. The pupal period for both female and male lasts for 5―8 days. Average measurements at each developmental stage reveal that the developmental parameters (body length, body width, head length, head width) of females are larger than those of males, although the differences are not statistically significant. The results above indicate that there are no significant morphological differences in the embryonic development between female and male E. lutea wasps. Additionally, the morphological differences in the pre-pupal stage of post-embryonic development are not pronounced, but during the pupal and adult stages, females are larger than males, allowing for differentiation based on morphological characteristics.

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Isolation and Identification of Bacillus subtilis ZF517 and Its Control Effect on Potato Common Scab

WEI Xinchen, LIU Yi, YANG Ruwei, DUAN Guangrong, XIE Xuewen, SHI Yanxia, CHAI Ali, LI Baoju, LI lei

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (2): 411-422. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.020

Abstract （323）

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Potato common scab, a severe soilborne disease caused by Streptomyces scabies, has become increasingly prevalent in major potato-producing regions in China, causing significant yield and quality losses. However, effective and environmentally friendly control strategies remain limited. In this study, a biocontrol strain, ZF517, exhibiting strong antagonistic activity against S. scabies, was isolated. Based on morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical tests, and multi-gene phylogenetic analysis, ZF517 was identified as Bacillus subtilis. Antagonistic spectrum analysis revealed that ZF517 exhibited potent inhibitory effects against six pathogenic fungi and three pathogenic bacteria. Biocontrol-related traits analysis showed that ZF517 secretes proteases and siderophores and harbours biosynthetic genes for Surfactin, Macrolactin, Fengycin, Difficidin, Bacillibactin, Bacillaene, Bacilysin, and Iturin. Moreover, the fermentation broth of ZF517 significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of S. scabies. A radish seedling assay confirmed that the fermentation broth effectively suppressed S. scabies infection, achieving a biocontrol efficacy of 63.94%. In pot experiments, ZF517 exhibited a biocontrol efficacy of 58.07% against potato common scab, significantly surpassing the efficacy of the chemical control treatment (20% thiazole zinc suspension concentrate). These findings indicate that ZF517 holds great potential as a biocontrol agent for managing potato common scab.

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Identification of Antagonistic Bacteria against Angelica Wilt and Their Effect on Promoting Growth and Disease Controlling

LI Zheng, WANG Yunyao, GUO Zengxiang, LUAN Hanyu, FU Yao, WANG Wei, JIN Ling, WANG Yan

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 561-570. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.031

Abstract （289）

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To clarify the classification status of antagonistic bacteria DST27 and HQT43 against Angelica wilt, evaluate their biocontrol effects, and provide theoretical basis for their development and utilization. The strain was identified using morphological characterization, physiological and biochemical traits, and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. The potential of biocontrol bacteria to promote the growth of Angelica sinensis, prevent the illness known as Angelica wilt, and influence the kinds and numbers of soil microorganisms in the plant's rhizosphere were all investigated through pot experiments. In the early stage, strains DST27 and HQT43 with phosphorus solubilization, nitrogen fixation, and antibacterial functions were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Codonopsis pilosula and Astragalus, preliminary identification of strain DST27 as Bacillus pumilus and HQT43 as Streptomyces albidoflavus. Significant differences (P＜0.05) were observed in the promotion effects of DST27 and its mixed inoculant (DST27:HQT43=1:1) on stem diameter, fresh weight, dry weight of aboveground part, fresh weight, and dry weight of underground portion. The findings demonstrated that the biocontrol agents' ability to prevent Angelica wilt outweighed their ability to treat it. The prevention effects of DST27, HQT43, and DST27+HQT43 (1:1) on Angelica wilt were 71.88%, 43.75%, and 73.53%, respectively, in the preventative group. The prevention and treatment effects in the treatment group were 65.62%, 34.38%, and 43.75%, in that order. Rhizosphere bacteria and actinomycetes dramatically increased following treatment with biocontrol bacteria, whereas the number of fungus significantly decreased. Actinomycetes and fungi in rhizosphere soil were most significantly affected by the mixed application of DST27+HQT43 at a 1:1 ratio. A good development and application prospect is presented by the combined application of DST27 and HQT43 in a 1:1 ratio, which may clearly alter the population of soil microorganisms and encourage crop growth in addition to having a good biocontrol effect.

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Research Progress and Prospect of DNA Barcoding in Parasitoid Wasps

SUN Xingxing, JIANG Yingjie, WANG Fan, ZHANG Lisheng

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (2): 473-491. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.07.007

Abstract （287）

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Parasitoid wasps play a crucial role in the biological control of agricultural and forestry pests, such as lepidoptera and hemiptera. They have significant potential for development and application in biological control strategies. DNA barcoding, a modern molecular technology widely used in animal and plant biology, ecology, and other fields, has emerged as an important tool for classifying parasitic wasps and conducting ecological research. This paper reviews relevant literature to summarize the primary DNA barcodes and primers utilized for parasitoid wasps. It also discusses the applications of DNA barcoding in taxonomic identification, detection of new or cryptic species, analysis of food web relationships, and phylogenetic research on parasitic wasps. Furthermore, this paper analyzes current challenges faced by DNA barcoding research on parasitic wasps while proposing prospects for key issues such as selecting appropriate DNA barcodes, screening suitable phylogenetic models, and utilizing high-throughput sequencing technology. The aim is to provide theoretical references for resource exploration of parasitic wasps, optimization of biological control strategies, and advancements in evolutionary biology.

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Screening, Identification, and Application Effects of Actinomycetes on Astragalus membranaceus Root Rot

YANG Bo, LI Yunxiang, XU Jinyu, SHA Yuexia

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 554-560. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.024

Abstract （287）

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To provided biocontrol germplasm resources for root rot disease in traditional Chinese medicine, screening, identification, and application evaluation of Streptomyces, an actinomycete with significant antibacterial effects against various Fusarium species, were carried out. The strain LQS-2 with significant antibacterial effect against Astragalus membranaceus root rot disease was screened from 120 strains of actinomycetes, and against the pathogenic bacterium F. moniliforme, F. solani N18-1-2, F. Verticillium 173, and F. oxysporum 295, the antibacterial rates each for 62.50%, 49.38%, 52.75%, and 67.50%. 16S rDNA sequence analysis and alignment showed that strain LQS-2 had the highest homology with the gene sequence of Streptomyces cellulosae, and combined with morphology, strain LQS-2 was determined to be S. cellulosae. The results of pot experiment showed that the greenhouse prevention effect of soaking the fermentation supernatant of S. cellulosiae LQS-2 combined with root irrigation on Astragalus membranaceus root rot disease was 69.50%. The field prevention effect of continuous root irrigation three times on Astragalus membranaceus root rot disease reached 76.02%, which was 2.55% and 18.76% higher than the control effect of microbial agents. After soaking in strain LQS-2, it showed a significant growth promoting effect on Astragalus membranaceus seedlings under greenhouse conditions. The root length, biomass, and underground dry weight increased by 37.58%, 20.00% and 33.33%, which compared to microbial agents. From this, it could be seen that S. cellulosiae LQS-2 has the potential to be developed as a biocontrol agent for the prevention and treatment of Astragalus membranaceus root rot disease.

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Parasitism of Different Species and Instars of Cotton Aphids by Binodoxys communis

MA Ningwei, XIA Shike, LIU Bing, HU Wanhong, WANG Peiling, LU Yanhui

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 635-641. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.05.030

Abstract （285）

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This study evaluated the parasitism of cotton aphids Aphis gossypii Glover, Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordvilko, and Aphis craccivora Koch by Binodoxys communis Gahan in Xinjiang cotton fields, as well as the effectiveness of host species and instars on the development duration and reproductive capacity of B. communis. Our results showed that, except Ac. gossypii, both A. gossypii and A. craccivora were hosts of B. communis, and B. communis preferred to parasitize A. gossypii. The younger instar A. gossypii and A. craccivora were parasitized more than the older instar nymphs and adults. Once parasitized, different instars of the same aphid species had no significant effect on the growth and development of the offspring of B. communis. Our study has identified the preferred host species and instars of cotton aphids by B. communis, and provided a scientific basis for utilizing B. communis for biological control of aphids in Xinjiang cotton fields.

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Population Spatio-temporal Dynamics of Aphids and Predatory Ladybugs of Alfalfa Fields in Hexi Region

PAN Ye, ZHANG Dawei, HE Xiaoling, FU Xiaowei, LU Yanhui

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (2): 284-290. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.03.005

Abstract （280）

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Alfalfa is an important crop in the arid and semi-arid ecologically fragile areas of Hexi. In this study, the composition structure of arthropod community and the spatio-temporal pattern of main pest aphids and dominant predatory natural enemies of alfalfa field in Hexi region were systematically studied by means of ecology and geostatistics. In the community investigation, a total of 60641 individuals were collected, belonging to 2 classes, 9 orders, 33 families and 67 species. Aphids were the dominant pests and ladybugs were dominant predatory natural enemies of alfalfa field. The analysis of spatio-temporal pattern showed that aphids were most closely related to Propylaea japonica, showing obvious time and space-following effect in the field. Alfalfa has the application potential of natural enemy conservation and ecological control of insect pests as an important functional plant in Hexi region.

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Ecological Mechanism Underlying the Repellence of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Egg-deposited Rice Plant on the Subsequent Adult Oviposition

XING Jingyuan, TIAN Zhiqiang, YAO Chengcheng, HU Xiaoyun, CHU Dong, LI Yunhe

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (2): 299-308. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.07.023

Abstract （277）

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Oviposition behavior is a critical process for insects to ensure the continuation of their population, and location of the suitable host plants is of key important for reproductive success of insects. Oviposition on host plants can activate the plant's defense mechanisms against insects. This defense mechanism can not only directly impede the development of insect eggs, but also make the plant to prepare for defense against subsequent larval attacks. In this study, we explored that the impact of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (RLF) egg-deposited rice plants on oviposition preference of the subsequent adults, and their response to volatile compounds induced by egg deposition. The greenhouse experiments revealed that rice plants with egg deposition for 4 days exhibited a significant repellent effect on RLF females, regardless of whether the eggs were removed or not. Moreover, compared to the healthy plants, RLF eggs laid on rice plants that had undergone 4 days of egg deposition displayed a prolonged hatching periods and reduced hatching rates. GC-MS analysis showed that healthy rice plants and plants with eggs deposition for 4 days released the same kinds of 22 volatile compounds. However, there were 6 volatiles showing significantly different in amount between the two treated rice plants. Among the 6 compounds, except for styrene, the release amounts of 5 other volatiles (decanal, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, and nonanal) significantly decreased by the plants with egg deposition. The function of the volatile compounds was tested and the results indicated that tetradecane with the highest release rate exhibited a significant attraction to RLF female oviposition, while decanal displayed a marked repellent effect on RLF females. The other 4 volatiles showed no significant effect on the oviposition behavior of the pest. This may suggest that the RLF females prefer to lay eggs on healthy rice plants may be due to the ecological effects of reduced tetradecane release from egg-deposited rice plants, or due to the integrated regulation of RLF female behavior by multiple rice volatiles, including decanal. These findings enhance our understanding of the host plant selection mechanism of RLF and provide valuable insights for the development of ecological management strategies for control of this pest.

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Screening and Control Effect of Bacillus on Root Rot of Chinese Herbal Medicines

SHA Yuexia, ZENG Qingchao, TIAN Xingfang, LI Yunxiang, XU Jinyu

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (3): 520-529. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.025

Abstract （277）

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In order to provide biocontrol germplasm resources for the biological control of root rot disease of Chinese herbal medicines, three rhizosphere bacteria with strong antibacterial activity against Fusarium which were strains LHJS2-2、 LHQS2-5 and YHQS2-7 were selected from more than 10 000 strains by plate antagonism method. The range of inhibition bands were 12—17 mm including Fusarium oxysporum 295, F. solani N18 and F. Verticillium 173. But the inhibition zone against F. moniliforme N19 was only 3 ~ 5 mm. 16S rDNA sequence analysis combining with its the morphological characteristic and the physiological and biochemical test results indicated that strain LHJS2-2 was identified as B.pumilus, strain LHQS2-5 as B.velezensis and strain YHQS2-7 as B.atrophaeus. The results of greenhouse test showed that the preventive efficacy of strains LHJS2-2, LHQS2-5 and YHQS2-7 against root rot of Astragalus were 88.07%, 85.66% and 76.73%, respectively. The seedling height, root length, aboveground biomass and underground biomass were significantly promoted including Astragalus, Scutellaria baicalensis and Silver Bupleurum. The field experimental results indicated that the control efficacy of Bacillus strains LHJS2-2, LHQS2-5 and YHQS2-7 against root rot of Astragalus were 41.37%, 40.13% and 41.95%, respectively. The field preventive efficacy of Bacillus strains LHJS2-2, LHQS2-5 and YHQS2-7 against root rot of Codonopsis pilosula were 87.06%, 95.03% and 87.06%, respectively. It has an important prospect for strains LHJS2-2, LHQS2-5 and YHQS2-7 to bio-control the root rot disease of Chinese herbal medicine.

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Effect of Temperature and Photoperiod on the Diapause Induction of Peristenus spretus Chen et van Achterberg

ZHOU Yike, LUO Shuping, CHU Dong, LU Yanhui

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (2): 458-463. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.03.001

Abstract （273）

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Peristenus spretus Chen et van Achterberg is one of the dominant parasitoids of Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür), and has been applicated for field biological control of A. lucorum in orchards, tea plantations and agricultural fields. In order to clarify the optimal photoperiod and temperature conditions for the diapause induction of P. spretus, two temperatures (15 ℃, 19 ℃ ), compared with three photoperiods 12L:12D, 10L:14D, 8L:16D were set up under laboratory conditions in this experiment, and determined the diapausing pupae formation of P. spretus under the different combinations of temperatures and photoperiods. The results showed that temperature and photoperiod acted together in developmental period and induction of diapause in P. spretus. There was no significant difference in the developmental period under different photoperiodic conditions, and the developmental period of egg-larvae ranged from 30.40 to 33.60 d at 15 ℃, and was shortened to 18.80 to 19.40 d at 19 ℃ . There was no significant difference in diapause rate induced by 15 ℃ combined with different short light durations. The induced diapause rate increased significantly with the increasing in photoperiod (light duration) at 19 ℃ .Photoperiod 12L:12D was more effective in the diapause induction in P. spretus. But at 19 ℃, the egg-larval developmental period of P. spretus inside A. lucorum nymphs was shorter. In conclusion, the combination of photoperiod 12L:12D and 19 ℃ could induce the higher proportion of P. spretus to enter into diapause faster, which was the best condition for the production of diapause pupae of this parasitoid. The above results provide important basic data for the large-scale production, shelf-life extension and large-area application of P. spretus as a natural enemy for controlling A. lucorum.

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Isolation, Identification and Herbicidal Potential of The Pathogenic Strain BS-1 from Sorghum halepense

WANG Ya, LIU Yan, FAN Zhiwei, HUANG Qiaoqiao

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (2): 436-445. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.019

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The aim of this study is to isolate and screen plant pathogenic strains with strong herbicidal activity, providing new bacterial resources for the development of microbial herbicides. The naturally infected plants of Sorghum halepense were collected, and the strains were isolated and purified by tissue and single spore isolation. The strain BS-1 was identified as Fusarium oxysporum by colony morphology observation and ITS identification. The effect of spore suspension with concentration of 1.0×10⁵-1.0×10⁷ spores/mL on the germination rate of S. halepense seeds and the pathogenic effect of young plants were measured by petri dish filter paper method and live pot method. The results showed that the germination rate of S. halepense seeds after treatment with different concentration of spore suspension was lower than 33%, and strain BS-1 had a significant inhibitory effect on the germination of S. halepense seeds. The inhibitory effect on the radicle was greater than that on the germ, and it also had different degrees of pathogenicity on the seedings. The results of live pot experiment showed that different concentration of strain BS-1 fermentation liquid also had different degree of pathogenic effect on the young plants of S. halepense. At 14 days, the incidence rate of S. halepense plants was more than 40.07%, the disease index was more than 33.72%, and the inhibition rate of fresh weight was more than 46.54%. When the concentration was 1.0×10⁷ spores/mL, the seeds could not germinate. At 14 days, the pathogenic rate of the seedlings reached 98.12 %, the disease index was 88.72 %, and the fresh weight inhibition rate was 89.23 %, which had strong pathogenicity to the seedlings. Finally, the pathogenicity of strain BS-1 against four associated weeds of S. halepense and the safety of five main crops were evaluated at this treatment concentration. The results showed that the strain also exhibited varying degrees of pathogenicity against weeds such as Echinochloa crus-galli, Digitaria sanguinalis, Eleusine indica, and Cenchrus echinatus. Especially, it has a significant pathogenic effect on Eleusine indica and Echinochloa crus-galli, with pathogenic rates of 88.52% and 87.77%, disease index of 79.42% and 78.69%, and fresh weight inhibition rates of 84.48% and 81.11%, respectively. But it has high safety for the main crops Zea mays, Oryza sativai, Brassica rapa var. chinensis, Brassica rapa var. glabra, and Coriandrum sativum. Therefore, the strain BS-1 has the potential to be developed as a microbial herbicid, and the research results also provide strain resources and experimental basis for field biological control of S. halepense.

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Effect of Bacillus velezensis EEAM 10B on Peanut Southern Blight and Whole Genome Sequencing Analysis

XIE Jiufeng, CHEN Mengxiao, WANG Bo, PEI Yaxin, ZHANG Jiran, CHEN Hongge, YANG Sen

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (2): 347-361. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.023

Abstract （273）

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To explore novel biocontrol microbial resources, a strain of Bacillus velezensis, designated as EEAM 10B, was isolated and identified from the surface of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) eggs. This study investigated its antagonistic effects and mechanisms against Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc, the pathogen of peanut southern blight. Peanut southern blight is a serious soil-borne fungal disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.Antagonism assays demonstrated that the fermentation broth, supernatant, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of EEAM 10B significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of peanut southern blight with the fermentation broth exhibiting the strongest suppression. Pot experiments revealed that EEAM 10B treatment notably reduced the disease index of infected peanut seedlings and exhibited plant growth-promoting effects. The optimal biocontrol efficacy (65.80%) was achieved when peanut plants were sprayed with EEAM 10B fermentation broth two days prior to pathogen inoculation. Whole-genome sequencing of EEAM 10B revealed a genome size of 3,929,786 bp with 1089.2×sequencing depth and a GC content of 46.5%. Functional annotation identified key genes encoding enzymes for fungal cell wall degradation (e.g., chitinases and β-1,3-glucanases) and secondary metabolite gene clusters responsible for antifungal compounds (e.g., surfactin, fengycin, and bacillibactin). Additionally, genes associated with plant growth promotion (e.g., indole-3-acetic acid synthesis) and pathogen antagonism were detected, suggesting their critical roles in suppressing peanut southern blight. These findings highlight the potential of EEAM 10B as a biocontrol agent and provide a foundation for developing novel antimicrobial formulations.

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Analyses of Transcriptome Expression Profiles during Interaction between Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Aspergillus flavus

QI Ting, WANG Xinyu, HUANG Shihui, HU Fengbin, XU Tingting, LIANG Caikang, WU Lijuan, NIU Xi, RAN Xueqin, WANG Jiafu

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (2): 321-334. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.021

Abstract （270）

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To clarify the molecular antagonistic mechanism of Trichoderma inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus flavus, colonies of T. longibrachiatum and A. flavus were collected during their interaction periods, and the enzymes activities to degrade cell wall and antioxidant were detected via ELISA. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the biological processes were further analyzed during the interaction between two fungi using RNA-seq method. The results indicated that the colonies growth rates of T. longibrachiatum were significantly faster with a plate inhibiting rate against A. flavus of 81.1% at the same environment. T. longibrachiatum generated larger amounts of cellulase, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase. Moreover, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were suppressed, while the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was boosted in A. flavus. Compared with control groups, those DEGs were detected to be 2202, 755 and 789 in A. flavus, and 8507, 3055 and 1363 in T. longibrachiatum at early, middle and late stages, respectively. And eleven pivotal interacting candidate genes were screened based on the transcriptomic analysis. These candidate genes are mainly involved in biological processes such as cell wall synthesis, cell membrane permeability, redox reaction, etc. It suggested that T. longibrachiatum could inhibit the effects of antioxidant system and antagonize the growth of A. flavus by up-regulating genes coding for enzymes to degrade cell wall and cell membrane, and by inhibiting the expression of heat shock protein genes in A. flavus. The results would provide a theoretical foundation to take T. longibrachiatum as a biocontrol resource against A. flavus and the production of aflatoxin.

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