Chinese Journal of Biological Control

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Optimization of Solid-State Co-Culture Conditions of Trichoderma-Bacillus and Its Control Efficacy on Cowpea Fusarium Wilt

ZHUANG Shenliang, LI Kun, HOU Jumei, LIU Tong

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1141-1153. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.064

Abstract （433）

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Fusarium wilt of cowpea, caused by Fusarium oxysporum, represents a significant constraint to the sustainable production of cowpea in China. To develop effective management strategies, two mutually compatible antagonistic strains exhibiting strong inhibitory activity against the pathogen were isolated using dual-culture assays and affinity-based screening. Molecular identification confirmed these isolates as Trichoderma koningiopsis HN-006 and Bacillus velezensis B-HN-1. Building upon these results, this study further optimized the solid-state co-culture conditions for the two antagonistic strains. Using single-factor experiments and orthogonal array testing, the optimal co-cultivation parameters were determined as follows: a substrate composed of rice, rice husk, and wheat bran in a 1:1:1 ratio, with a moisture content of 60%; an inoculation ratio of Trichoderma to Bacillus of 1:1.25 (corresponding to 2% Trichoderma and 2.5% Bacillus); delayed inoculation of Bacillus 36 hours after Trichoderma; and incubation at 27.5 ℃ for 7 days. Under these conditions, the spore concentration of Trichoderma reached 8.71 ×10⁹ CFU/g, and the viable cell count of Bacillus reached 9.07 ×10¹⁰ CFU/g. Subsequent plant growth promotion and pot experiment assays demonstrated that the co-culture product significantly enhanced cowpea growth and provided a control efficacy against wilt disease of (78.95 ± 4.59)%. This study establishes an efficient co-cultivation protocol for Trichoderma and Bacillus, and proposes a promising composite microbial inoculant for the management of cowpea Fusarium wilt.

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Biocontrol and Growth-Promoting Effects of Composite Bacillus Seed Coating Agents on Maize Stalk Rot

LI Yahong, YAO Liming, CHEN Xinyu, WANG Kejing, WANG Bin, JIANG Xianzhi, LIU Wende, ZHAO Changjiang, WU Hanxiang

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2026, 42 (1): 1-9. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2026.02.008

Abstract （416）

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Two composite microbial seed coating agents (MD360+MD315 and MD288+MD315) were developed against maize stalk rot to overcome the limitations of unstable efficacy associated with single-strain agents. These agents, formulated from Bacillus velezensis MD360, Bacillus subtilis MD288 and Bacillus simplex MD315, were evaluated for their effects on antibacterial activity, seed germination, plant growth, disease control and yield. The results showed that in the plate confrontation assay, the composite strains MD360 + MD315 and MD288+MD315 inhibited Fusarium graminarum by 57.44% and 55.74%, respectively, corresponding to improvements of 2.10% and 5.50% over their single-strain counterparts. Germination tests showed that seeds treated with the composite agents achieved germination rates of 90.87% (MD360 + MD315) and 90.10% (MD288 + MD315), which did not differ significantly from either the chemical agent fludioxonil or the blank control. Field assessments of maize growth revealed that at 30 days after sowing, plants treated with MD360+MD315 displayed significantly greater plant height (70.86 cm), stem diameter (29.75 mm), and above-ground fresh weight (60.20 g) than other treatments. By 60 days after sowing, MD360 + MD315 continued to outperform both the blank control and fludioxonil treatment, with plant height, stem diameter, and above-ground fresh weight reaching 216.70 cm, 33.17 mm, and 640 g, respectively. In disease control trials, the MD360+MD315 treatment demonstrated the best control effect against stalk rot, achieving a disease control efficacy of 67.70%, which was significantly higher than that of the chemical agent fludioxonil after field inoculation with F. graminarum. Moreover, yield measurements indicated this treatment significantly increased ear length and yielded the highest grain production of 692.42 kg per 667 m², corresponding to a 14.45% increase over the control. In conclusion, the synergistic interactions among different Bacillus strains enhanced the efficacy of the composite seed coating agent in promoting maize growth, controlling disease, and increasing yield, offering new insights for the design of composite Bacillus seed-coating agents.

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Creation and Application of Nano-Biopesticides Based on Star Polycationic Nanocarriers

QIAN Xin, SHEN Jie

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 991-997. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.047

Abstract （390）

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Star polycationic nanocarrier SPc has shown important application value in the creation of nano-biopesticides, which can significantly improve the stability, biocompatibility and delivery efficiency of drugs. In this review, we summarize the application examples of SPc in four kinds of biopesticide preparations, including plant-derived pesticides, bio-derived immune inducers, RNA pesticides and microbial pesticides, focus on the analysis of the technical advantages of biopesticide nano-preparations, and discuss the opportunities and challenges of nanotechnology in the sustainable development of agriculture.

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Review of Plant Beneficial Microorganisms and Their Biocontrol Mechanism in Controlling Plant Disease

CHEN Feifei, XU Shiyi, KONG Jiahui, MIN Ziquan, WANG Yahui, PAN Yuemin

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1263-1275. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.059

Abstract （388）

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Plant beneficial microorganisms have functions such as inhibiting pathogenic bacteria, enhancing plant disease resistance, promoting plant growth, and improving plant stress tolerance. Currently, plant beneficial microorganisms have become a research hotspot in the field of biological control, achieving significant development and progress. To better understand and utilize plant beneficial microorganisms, the types of plant beneficial microorganisms, their functions beneficial to plants, their interactions with plants, and the mechanism of action in biological control were reviewed in this paper, based on research progress both domestically and internationally. Additionally, it will present considerations and prospects for utilizing plant beneficial microorganisms in biological control. This will help to comprehensively understand the role of beneficial microorganisms in plants and provide new strategies for the development and utilization of beneficial microorganisms in plants.

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Synergistic Effect of Bacillus velezensis YJ02 Combined with Thifluzamide on Peanut Southern Blight

FAN Wanwan, MA Yihui, LIU Jie, GUO Xueping, YANG Yuyuan

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2026, 42 (1): 35-43. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2026.02.010

Abstract （330）

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To improve the control efficiency of Bacillus velezensis YJ02 against peanut southern blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, this study explored the potential of integrating B. velezensis YJ02 with chemical fungicides for disease management. The compatibility of nine chemical fungicides commonly utilized for peanut southern blight control with B. velezensis YJ02 was evaluated using the dilution plating method and colony counting technique. The in vitro toxicity of compatible fungicides and B. velezensis YJ02 against S. rolfsii was determined via the toxic medium method, and the optimal mixing ratio of compatible fungicides to B. velezensis YJ02 was selected based on the toxicity ratio. Pot and field experiments were further conducted to verify the synergistic control effect of the screened composite formulation against peanut southern blight. The results demonstrated that three fungicides, namely thifluzamide, azoxystrobin, and trifloxystrobin, maintained excellent compatibility with B. velezensis YJ02, and thifluzamide exhibited the highest toxicity against S. rolfsii among them. The composite formulation consisting of B. velezensis YJ02 (1× 10² CFU/mL) and thifluzamide (0.1 mg/L) at a volume ratio of 5:5 showed a significant synergistic effect with a toxicity ratio of 1.95. In pot experiments, the high-concentration 5:5 composite formulation (the final concentration was 0.5× 10⁸ CFU/mL B. velezensis YJ02 and 5 mg/L thifluzamide) achieved the optimal preventive control efficacy, which was 55.24% and 46.04% higher than that of B. velezensis YJ02 and thifluzamide applied alone, respectively. Notably, the preventive efficacy of all treatments was significantly better than their corresponding curative efficacy. In field experiments, the control efficacy of the aforementioned high-concentration 5:5 composite formulation was comparable to that of thifluzamide applied at the recommended field dosage, while reducing the application amount of thifluzamide by more than 90%. This study provides a specific technical strategy and theoretical foundation for the green and efficient management of peanut southern blight, contributing to the sustainable control of this soil-borne disease in peanut production.

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Control of Adults of Myllocerinus aurolineatus Voss by Combining Beauveria bassiana with Reduced Pesticide

LI Huiling, LIU Fengjing, LI Jinyu, ZHANG Hui, LI Liangde, WANG Dingfeng

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1078-1086. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.11.001

Abstract （302）

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This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of Beauveria bassiana in conjunction with a reduced pesticide in controlling the adult population of Myllocerinus aurolineatus Voss, employing a potted plant experiment and a field experiment by using 100 billion spores/g Bb338 of wettable powder, 1.3% soluble matrine, and 25g/L bifenthrin EC. Among the six biocontrol fungi, Bb338 had the highest toxicity to the weevil with the shortest LT₅₀ value (4.005 d) and the highest corrected mortality (100%) at 8 d post treatment. The potted plant experiment showed that the control efficiency of Bb338 combined with 50%-reduced matrine was 20.00% and 17.58% higher than that of Bb338 alone at 3 d and 5 d post treatment, respectively, similar to that of 25%-reduced matrine alone but higher than that of 75%-reduced matrine alone. The control efficiency of Bb338 combined with 75%-reduced bifenthrin EC was 95.06% at 10 days post treatment, higher than that of Bb338 alone. The field experiment showed that the control of Bb338 combined with 50 g/L bifenthrin EC was the highest at 3 days post treatment, higher than that of Bb338 alone and Bb338 combined with 50%-reduced matrine. At 25 days post treatment, the control of Bb338 combined with 50%-reduced matrine was the highest (67.70%). The combined applications of Bb338 and matrine or bifenthrin have significant synergistic effects on M. aurolineatus.

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Isolation and Identification of Bacillus velezensis and the Growth Promotion and Disease Control Effect on Atractylodes macrocephala Root Rot Disease

HE Binqi, DU Lixin, LI Zixu, HOU Xiaoqiang, LIU Xiaowei, JI Lijing

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (6): 1359-1368. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.07.010

Abstract （288）

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Atractylodes macrocephala root rot disease poses a significant constraint on the production of A. macrocephala. The primary pathogens responsible for this disease are Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani. In this study, antagonistic strains B205 and B207 were screened out from 228 bacterial strains isolated from soil samples by the plate confrontation method. The two strains exhibited average inhibition rates of 60.0% and 61.2% against F. oxysporum, and 61.4% and 63.5% against F. solani, respectively. Furthermore, pot experiments demonstrated that these strains had substantial control effects on A. macrocephala root rot disease, with preventing rates of 52.6% for B205 and 76.0% for B207. In addition to their biocontrol capabilities, the optimal concentration for B205 and B207 strains to promote the germination of A. macrocephala seeds was determined to be 1× 10⁹ CFU/mL, and the optimal treatment time was 10 minutes. When seeds were treated with the fermentation broth of B207, significant improvements were observed in various germination indicators compared to the control. Specifically, the germination potential, germination percentage, radicle length, germination index and vigor index increased by 64.2%, 35.3%, 37.2%, 59.0% and 119.9%, respectively. Although B205 fermentation broth also led to higher germination indicators than the control, only the vigor index showed a statistically significant increase. Pot experiments further revealed that both B205 and B207 strains could promote the growth of A. macrocephala seedlings. In particular, B207 treatment significantly increased the plant height, fresh weight, leaf number and root vitality of A. macrocephala plants, with an increase rate of 27.2%, 37.9%, 24.0% and 145.9%, respectively. It also showed a significant promoting effect on the number of buds and the aboveground dry weight. In addition, both B205 and B207 strains can produce IAA, and the amount of IAA produced by B205 and B207 in DF+ medium were 29.58 μg·mL^-1 and 25.62 μg·mL^-1, respectively, which were significantly higher than the control of 7.12 μg·mL^-1. Through 16S rDNA and gyrB gene sequence analysis, strains B205 and B207 were identified as Bacillus velezensis. This study indicates the potential of both B. velezensis B205 and B207 in preventing disease and promoting growth of A. macrocephala. Among them, B207 emerges as a particularly promising microbial strain with biocontrol potential in the production of A. macrocephala.

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Antifungal Effect and Mechanism of Bacillus velezensis LY7 on Colletotrichum scovillei

Lü Hong, ZOU Xiaolu, XU Zilu, QIN Nan, YIN Hui, REN Lu, ZHAO Xiaojun

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1104-1118. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.044

Abstract （285）

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Pepper anthracnose is one of the three major diseases of pepper. Due to the genetic diversity of Colletotrichum pathogen complexes, single-site fungicides are difficult to achieve good control effects. This study explored its biological control methods in order to provide more effective measures for the prevention and control of pepper anthracnose. A strain of Bacillus velezensis LY7 with good inhibitory effect on Colletotrichum scovillei was isolated from pepper leaves. Its biological characteristics were determined by colorimetry, and the optimal fermentation conditions were optimized by growth rate method. The volatiles of the strain LY7 were identified by solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME?GC?MS) and assessed for virulence. In addition, the antifungal lipopeptide was isolated and purified by hydrochloric acid precipitation method, and identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Further, the antifungal active substances produced by strain LY7 were isolated and identified, and the control effect was determined by field experiment. The results showed that the growth conditions of strain LY7 could meet its application in field production practice. The optimal fermentation conditions were as follows: YSP medium with glucose as carbon source, yeast powder and peptone as nitrogen source, 1% (v/v) inoculation, 30 ℃, pH 5.0, 160 r/min for 72 h, and the stability of its metabolites was better. Strain LY7 could produce 6 volatile substances, including 2-undecanol, 2-undecanone and 2-dodecanone, among which 2-undecanol has higher toxicity to C. scovillei with an EC₅₀ of 6.73 μL/mL. In addition, strain LY7 can also produce 56 potential antibacterial lipopeptides that inhibit the occurrence of C. scovillei, including 42 fatty amides (FA), 8 isoamyl alcohol lipids (PR), 3 sphingosines (SP), 2 glycerophospholipids (GP), and 1 quaternary ammonium alkali (QA). Field experiments showed that the 80-fold diluted fermentation broth of strain LY7 had the highest control effect, reaching 76.70%, which was significantly higher than the treatment of prochloraz in the field. The results of this study laid a foundation for the future development and application of the strain.

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Biological Characteristics of Coccinella transversoguttata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Predatory Capacity on Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Tibet

XIANG Dong, WANG Zhen, NIMA Yuzhen, ZHANG Huanhuan, CUI Jie, LI Yaying, WANG Wenfeng

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1035-1045. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.01.014

Abstract （285）

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This study aims to explore the biological characteristics of Coccinella transversoguttata, a native dominant natural enemy insect in Xizang that preys on the larvae of Myzus persicae (Sulzer), with the intention of providing a theoretical foundation for the utilization of C. transversoguttata in controlling M. persicae. The life history, morphological features, life habits, developmental durations, and survival rates of C. transversoguttata at various developmental stages were meticulously observed and recorded both in the field and under laboratory conditions. Additionally, the predatory capabilities of different instar larvae and adults of C. transversoguttata on M. persicae at different densities were determined. The Holling type Ⅱ model was employed to fit and calculate the predation function of different instars of C. transversoguttata on M. persicae. C. transversoguttata has two generations annually in Lhasa, and overwinters at the adult stage. In the field, the peak oviposition period ranges from late April to mid-May, the peak hatching period is from early May to early June, the peak pupation period extends from late May to late June, and the peak adult emergence period is from early June to mid-July. Under laboratory natural conditions, the durations of eggs, the 1^st―4^th instar larvae, pupae, and adults of C. transversoguttata are 1.996, 2.395, 1.729, 1.310, 3.434, 4.901, and 55.838 days, respectively. The survival rates of eggs, the 1^st―4^th instar larvae, and pupae are 100.00%, 85.00%, 88.33%, 80.00%, 71.67%, and 61.67%, respectively, and the oviposition period lasts for 30―60 days. The predatory functional responses of different instars of C. transversoguttata to M. persicae all conform to the Holling type Ⅱ model. The fitting disc equation revealed that the 4^th instar larvae of C. transversoguttata exhibited the strongest predatory ability (a′/T_h) towards M. persicae larvae, with a value of 284.03; the largest maximum daily theoretical predation amount (1/T_h) of 263.16, and the shortest time required to handle a single prey of 0.0038 days. The 1^st instar larvae of C. transversoguttata had the lowest predatory ability (a′/T_h) towards M. persicae, with a value of only 34.19. Moreover, the predation of C. transversoguttata on M. persicae was simultaneously influenced by its own density, decreasing with the increase of its own density. These results demonstrate that C. transversoguttata holds great potential for the biological control of M. persicae. This research can offer a theoretical basis for more efficient utilization of C. transversoguttata resources and the accurate evaluation of the biological control potential of C. transversoguttata against M. persicae.

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Screening of Microbial and Chemical Fungicides and Evaluation of Their Combined Application with Seed Coating Agents for Controlling Sesame Fusarium Wilt

ZHAO Xinbei, NI Yunxia, LIU Xintao, ZHAO Hui, WANG Jing, HE Bipo, ZHANG Chunyan, YAN Wenqing, LI Yongdong, LIU Hongyan

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (6): 1379-1389. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.072

Abstract （283）

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Fusarium wilt is one of the most common and serious diseases in sesame. This study aimed to screen efficient commercial microbial agents and fungicides for controlling sesame Fusarium wilt. It also aimed to clarify the synergistic effect of microbial agents, fungicides and seed coating agents. Inhibitory effect of fungicides on F. oxysporum was determined by hyphal growth rate method. Control effect of microbial agents, fungicides, and their synergistic use with seed coating agents was determined by pot experiment. Three microbial agents with a control efficacy above 50% at the sesame flowering stage were screened. Among them, the representative strains Tulaoban^® Trichoderma harzianum powder and Yiqiang Bio^® Bacillus subtilis powder showed control efficacies of 58.38% and 31.60%, respectively, in the capsule stage. Three highly effective and low-toxicity fungicides were screened, including: 30% myclobutanil·ethirimol suspension, 30% pyraclostrobin suspension, and 40% difenoconazole suspension, with the control efficiencies of 67.39%, 45.66%, and 45.66%, respectively. Five groups of microbial agents, fungicides, and seed coating agents with a control efficacy above 70% were screened. The treatment group Yiqiang Bio^® B. subtilis powder + 15% carbendazim·thiram suspension seed coating agent + 30% pyraclostrobin suspension had the best control efficacy 89.65%. This study screened effective microbial agents and low-toxicity fungicides for controlling sesame Fusarium wilt and also provided a synergistic control strategy combining microbial agents, fungicides and seed coating agents for the whole sesame growth period.

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Biological Control Resources of Gynaephora spp., and Their Application Status

HAN Shunda, CHEN Junjie, CHEN Wanbin, ZHANG Maosen, ZHANG Lisheng

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1256-1262. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.11.003

Abstract （282）

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Gynaephora spp. are among the most destructive pests in alpine grasslands of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, feeding predominantly on Cyperaceae and Poaceae grasses, and thereby accelerating grassland degradation and ecological deterioration. As a cornerstone of sustainable pest management, biological control plays a critical role in the integrated management of these grassland caterpillars. We provide a comprehensive review of the natural enemies and other biotic agents associated with Gynaephora spp., cataloguing 14 parasitoids, 10 predators, and 38 additional organisms with demonstrated or potential biocontrol value. Advances in the evaluation and deployment of these agents, both within China and internationally, are critically reviewed with emphasis on their efficacy. This review establishes a scientific foundation for the long-term, environment-friendly management of Gynaephora spp. through utilization of biocontrol resources.

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Preliminary Studies on Feeding Preference and Natural Enemy Attraction of Fall Webworm from Delaware

LI Hanyang, DANG Yingqiao, CAO Liangming, WANG Xiaoyi

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 998-1007. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.01.012

Abstract （281）

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The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), is an international quarantine insect pest. After invasion to China, it rapidly spreads and becomes a major pest, showing an expanding population trend. The absence of effective natural enemies in China has been a key factor for the high population density of the fall webworm. In its native range, the fall webworm is considered a minor pest, and available literature on its occurrence and natural enemies is limited and mostly outdated. Therefore, investigating the occurrence of the pest and its natural enemies in its native range not only enriches our understanding of its biology but also provides valuable insights for managing and controlling the pest in invaded regions. Based on the occurrence investigation conducted in Delaware, USA, the feeding preferences and natural enemies of the fall webworm were further examined in its native range. The results revealed that, among the 39 plant species investigated in Delaware, the fall webworm fed on 33 species, with 25 species being particularly preferred. The species were: Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Quercus rubra, Rubus coreanus, Rhamnus utilis, Pyrus calleryana, Betula nigra, Juglans nigra, Quercus aliena, Cercis canadensis, Lonicera chrysantha, Lonicera macckii, Paulownia tomentosa, Ilex opaca, Chionanthus virginicus, Lindera glauca, Acer platanoides, Cerasus avium, Viburnum acerifolium, Morus alba, Prunus perulata, Tilia cordata, Viburnum plicatum, Erechtites hieraciifolius, Acalypha australis, and Celastrus orbiculatus. The preferred plant species in USA differed from those in China. Compared to the pests in pure forests, the pupae of fall webworm in mixed forests were attacked by more species of natural enemies, for longer durations, and at higher probability. The primary predators of the fall webworm in its native range were ants, ladybugs, and jumping spiders, while its pupae were parasitized by parasitic flies. In the future, continue survey of the parasitoid species in the native range is needed, which may provide technology and products for biological control of the pest in the invaded areas.

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Control Effect of Composite Microbial Consortium on Astragalus membranaceus Root Rot and Its Influence on Microorganism Community in Rhizosphere Soil

WANG Yan, ZHAO Rui, GAO Yuqing, LI Jiangbo, WANG Chunwei

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2026, 42 (1): 10-22. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.068

Abstract （277）

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To screen composite microbial consortium for the control of Astragalus membranaceus root rot, antagonistic strains were screened from the rhizosphere soil of A. membranaceus using the gradient dilution and plate confrontation methods. The strains were further identified based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and molecular biology methods. The antagonistic strains were combined to construct a consortium, and its effects on defense related enzymes in A. membranaceus roots were evaluated. The influence of the composite microbial consortium on soil bacterial community was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that strains 6-35, 17-27 and 62-313 could significantly inhibit Fusarium oxysporum, with the inhibition zone width of 6.5, 8.4 and 4.2 mm, respectively. Strains 6-35, 17-27 and 62-313 were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Paenibacillus polymyxa and B. cereus, respectively. The optimal fermentation ratio was 3:1:1, with an inhibition rate of 40.90%. The composite microbial consortium showed the control efficacy of 72.17% and 80.36% at 7 and 14 d after inoculation on A. membranaceus root rot, respectively. After treatment with the composite microbial consortium, the activities of chitinase, peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), andcatalase (CAT) significantly increased in A. membranaceus roots. The application of composite microbial consortium could increase α and β diversity of rhizosphere bacterial communities, and various beneficial microorganisms such as Gemmatimonas and Streptomyces in the treatment soil was significantly higher than that in the control soil. The composite microbial consortium had excellent control effects on A. membranaceus root rot, and might be used for the development and application of biological control reagent.

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Isolation and Identification of Trichoderma harzianum TW21990 and Its Control Effect on Strawberry Root Rot

LI Hongmei, WEI Yanli, YANG Kai, HU Jindong, LI Yang, ZHAO Zhongjuan, LI Jishun, YANG Jianwen

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1179-1187. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.058

Abstract （276）

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The aim of this study was to screen antagonistic Trichoderma strains with biocontrol effects against strawberry root rot in Licheng District, Jinan city. The pathogens causing strawberry root rot were identified based on morphology and ITS sequence. The antagonistic Trichoderma strains were screened against dominant pathogens with strong susceptibility, and the biocontrol effect of selected Trichoderma strains was evaluated by pot experiment and field test. The results showed that the dominant pathogens of strawberry root rot in Licheng District were Colletotrichum spp., among which a highly susceptible strain of CM9 was identified as C. siamense by polygene sequence characterization. Trichoderma harzianum TW21990 was selected for its excellent antagonistic activity by plate confrontation, with inhibition rates of volatile and soluble metabolites against C. siamense CM9 reaching 53.32% and 63.24%, respectively. Pot experiment and field test demonstrated that control efficacy of TW21990 against strawberry root rot was 61.14% and 60.70%, respectively. In addition TW21990 treatment significantly improved the quality of strawberry fruit. The content of vitamin C, soluble sugar and soluble solids in the fruit with increased by 32.89%, 32.06% and 11.96% respectively compared with the control group. In conclusion, TW21990 showed great application potential for strawberry production.

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Screening and Identification of Biocontrol Fungi against Fusarium Wilt of Banana and Evaluation of Their Control Effect

YIN Shunli, MAO Jun, WANG Jielin, FENG Chencheng, DING Yue, SU Yuan, BAI Tingting

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1188-1199. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.061

Abstract （271）

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To explore the biocontrol strains with good control effects on banana Fusarium wilt disease, forty five strains of fungi were isolated from forest soil and banana plantation soil in this study. Using the plate confrontation method, nine strains with good inhibitory effects on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) were obtained. All of nine showed an inhibition rate exceeding 64%. Under the scanning electron microscope, it was observed that six strains caused Foc TR4 to exhibit morphological abnormalities, including shrunken and desiccated hyphae as well as deformed spores. However, the remaining three strains had no observable effect on Foc TR4 morphology. The greenhouse pot experiments were used to evaluate the control effect of 9 stains on banana Fusarium wilt disease, and the results showed that all nine strains had significant control effects. Strain HH16, HH19 and HH20 have the best control effect on banana Fusarium wilt disease, with the control efficacy greater than 64%. Morphological and molecular biological identification revealed the following results, strain BL01 as Trichoderma hamatum, BL02 as T. spirale, BL03 as T. lixii, BL04 as T. pinicola, BL05 as Penicillium raistrickii, BL08 as P. brefeldianum, HH16 as T. yunnanense, HH19 as T. crassum, and HH20 as T. virens. This study will provide theoretical basis and technical support for the development and application of biocontrol agents for banana Fusarium wilt disease.

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Formulation Optimization of Pseudomonas donghuensis ZF510 Wettable Powder and Its Control Effect on Soft Rot of Chinese Cabbage

LIU Yang, QIN Shiyang, SHI Bin, XIE Xuewen, SHI Yanxia, CHAI Ali, FAN Tengfei, LI Baoju, LI Lei

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1119-1132. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.060

Abstract （270）

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To obtain an efficient biocontrol antimicrobial agent against Chinese cabbage soft rot, single factor test and orthogonal test design were used to optimize the fermentation process of Pseudomonas donghuensis ZF510. Subsequently, the appropriate carriers and adjuvants were screened to prepare a wettable powder, and its stability as well as pot control efficacy were evaluated. The results showed that the optimal fermentation medium for strain ZF510 was dextrin 25 g/L, yeast powder 5 g/L, NaCl 1.5 g/L, MgSO₄·7H₂O 1.5 g/L. The optimal fermentation conditions were as follows: fermentation temperature 30 ℃ , pH 8.0, inoculation concentration 2%, 100 mL medium in 250 mL flask, rotation speed 200 rpm. The optimal formulation of WP was white carbon black as carrier, 1.5% Morwet EFW wetting agent, 3% Morwet IP dispersing agent, 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose as protective agent, 1.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as stabilizer. The viable count of the preparation was 7.9×10¹⁰ CFU/g, wetting time 103 s, suspension rate 80.58%, pH 7.82, the moisture content was 2.11%, impurity rate 2.94%, and the ratio transiting standard test sieve with 74 μm was 97.02%, which was in line with national standards and quality standards. Pot experiment demonstrated the 500-fold wettable powder of Pseudomonas donghuensis ZF510 has a good control effect on Chinese cabbage soft rot, with a control efficacy of 67.92%. This study lays the technical foundation for the development and application of Pseudomonas donghuensis ZF510 wettable powder.

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Isolation of Nucleopolyhedtovirus SfMNPV-Yz01 and the Controlling Effect on Spodoptera frugiperda

LIU Qin, ZHANG Hu, LIN Manman, XIA Yang, HAN Guangjie, LI Chuanming, LU Yurong, HUANG Lixin, ZHANG Nan, XU Jian

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1087-1094. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.11.005

Abstract （262）

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The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a migratory lepidopteran pest invading China in recent years. The pest causes serious damage to various crops, threatening crop yield in China. S. frugiperda nucleopolyhedtovirus (SfMNPV) is a baculovirus, host-specific virus to the fall armyworm. As an important biocontrol agent, it will contribute to the integrated pest management (IPM). In the present study, an entomo-pathogenic virus strain SfMNPV-Yz01 was isolated from natural dead larvae by enrichment isolation. Based on the morphological features and analysis of the sequences of conservate baculovirus gene Me53 and cg30, the strain SfMNPV-Yz01 was identified in the genus of S. frugiperda nucleopolyhedtovirus. SfMNPV-Yz01 was highly infectious and lethal to the 3^rd instar larvae of S. frugiperda. The LC₅₀ was 7.4910⁴ PIB/mL, and the LT₅₀ were from 5.51―8.02 d at different concentrations. Larvae died within 3―5 d post infection with the strain, with peak mortality occurring at 6―7 d. The survival curves of larvae were significantly different among different concentrations of SfMNPV-Yz01. Sub-lethal treatment of SfMNPV-Yz01 significantly affected the development and reproduction of S. frugiperda, with larval duration extended by 0.95 d, gender ratio changed by 0.265, and oviposition dropped by 42.6%, suppressing the population buildup of S. frugiperda. It was indicated, that SfMNPV-Yz01 is a strain of relatively high virulence to S. frugiperda. Using baculovirus as an eco-regulating agent may play significant role in reducing the expansion and damage of S. frugiperda.

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Effects of Aphidius gifuensis Release on Population Dynamics of Wheat Aphids and its Natural Enemies in Wheat Fields

JIANG Jun, XU Qingxuan, JIANG Xin, CHENG Yumeng, GU Zihao, ZHANG Yong, LIU Yanxia, QIN Yaoguo, DOU Wei, FAN Jia, CHEN Julian

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1018-1026. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.07.001

Abstract （262）

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Aphidius gifuensis, a parasitoid natural enemy of aphids, is widely used in China for the biological control of aphid pests on economic crops such as tobacco and vegetables. This wasp is also a dominant parasitoid for wheat aphids, particularly the grain aphid Sitobion avenae, and shows great promise in the biological control of the pests. In this study conducted in 2022 in Xinxiang, Henan Province, A. gifuensis was released twice at the initial stage of aphid occurrence in wheat Triticum aestivum fields, and the population dynamics of wheat aphids and their natural enemies as well as wheat yield were investigated. The results indicated that, compared to the control field, the onset of aphid control was about 7-10 days earlier in the fields with parasitoid release. The parasitism rate of wheat aphids by A. gifuensis reached 70.11% and 72.83% at 13 and 16 days after the second release, respectively, with wheat aphids reduced at 76.55% and 91.35%, respectively. Compared with the control, all the results above were statistically significant. Meanwhile, field releases of the parasitoid significantly reduced the aphid population during its second peak occurrence period (corresponding to the grain-filling stage of wheat) by 42.50%. After the parasitoid release, the number of lady beetles slightly decreased, while the number of hoverflies increased. Additionally, the population of another wheat aphid, the bird cherry oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi, increased slightly in the wasp release fields than in the control, but the difference was not statistically significant. In summary, the artificial release of A. gifuensis effectively overcame the ‘lag effect’ of natural enemies in the fields, enhancing the control efficiency against the grain aphid and reducing its population. The research findings provide significant evidence for the development of biological control strategies targeting the grain aphid and other dominant wheat aphids, as well as for optimizing green pest management techniques.

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Effects of Ammonia Water and Allyl Isothiocyanate Fumigation on Root-Knot Nematode and Microbial Community Response in Greenhouse Soil

FU Jiawei, LI Pengyuan, YIN Fuhao, DING Jianli, ZHANG Shubin, ZHU Yingbo, LIU Jianbin

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (5): 1154-1165. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2025.02.065

Abstract （259）

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To identify an environmentally friendly soil fumigant with superior efficacy against root-knot nematodes, this study systematically evaluated the effects of ammonia water (AW) and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) on nematode control, soil microbial community structure, and crop yield using Brassica rapa var. glabra Regel as a model crop. Control efficacy of AW and AITC on root-knot nematode was 81.38% and 72.12%, respectively, while increasing Brassica rapa var. glabra Regel yield by 15.53% and 8.97%. AW significantly enhanced plant height, root length, leaf length, and fresh weight, whereas AITC notably increased leaf width. Soil enzyme activity analysis indicated that AW inhibited urease and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activities, while AITC reduced nitrate reductase activity. Microbial community analysis revealed that both AW and AITC treatments suppressed the abundance of bacterial genera Marmoricola (63.13% and 79.07%) and Terrimonas(71.59% and 80.11%), as well as the fungal genera Penicillium, Cercophora, and Blastobotrys. Additionally, the AITC treatment significantly reduced the relative abundance of the genus Peribacillus while increasing that of Caldicoprobacter. In summary, both AW and AITC possess distinct advantages in controlling root-knot nematodes and regulating soil ecology, providing a theoretical basis for the selection of green fumigants.

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Lethal and Behavioral Effects of Chlorantraniliprole on the Parasitoid Wasp Trichogramma chilonis

SHENG Jiazhong, ZHANG Wenzhe, ZHANG Chuanqing, LIU Yahui

Chinese Journal of Biological Control 2025, 41 (6): 1300-1306. DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2024.01.008

Abstract （257）

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Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is an important parasitoid of many lepidopterous pests on various crops. In order to determine the safety of chlorantraniliprole to the parasitoid, the acute toxicity of chlorantraniliprole to the adults was measured, and the behavioral effects of chlorantraniliprole at field-recommended concentrations on T. chilonis were evaluated in laboratory. The results showed that chlorantraniliprole was at a low risk level to T. chilonis with LC₅₀ of 177 mg/L, but long-term treatment significantly reduced the lifespan by 1.75 d. The parasitoid exhibited Holling type Ⅱ functional response, with an instantaneous attack rate of 1.343, a maximum parasitism capacity of 57.471 eggs/d, which was reduced by 1.25 times when the wasps were treated with chlorantraniliprole. The treatment not only reduced the host selection rate of T. chilonis adults significantly, but also significantly extended the host search and location time. Although the treatment had no significant effect on the mating success rate, it significantly extended the mating detection and courtship time, and decreased the duration of copulation time. The treatment had no significant effect on oviposition duration and offspring sex ratio, but significantly increased the pause time during ovulation. In conclusion, the field recommended concentration of chlorantraniliprole has a negative effect on host search and location and oviposition behavior of T. chilonis, which has to be considered in balancing the compatibility of biological and chemical control.

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