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Advances on Biological Control of Thrips Pests YANG Lei, SHAO Yu, LI Fen, CHEN Dexin, LI Fangyou, WU Shaoying Chinese Journal of Biological Control    2021, 37 (3): 393-405.   DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2021.03.033 Abstract （532）      PDF（pc） （462KB）（1359）       Knowledge map    Save Thysanoptera, commonly known as thrips, have a variety of species and are harmful to plants by feeding and spreading viral diseases. Thrip pests have already been developed into one of the most devastating pests in tropics of China and cause great losses to economy. Natural enemies, the most important biological control resources, play an important role in controlling thrip pests. Hereby, we summarized the biological control resources of western flower thrips and main thrips pests in tropics of China, mainly including the predatory enemies, parasitic enemies and pathogenic enemies followed by a brief description about their applications. This review undoubtedly enriches the biological control resources of thrip pests in tropics of China, and lays a solid foundation for developing a novel technology of green prevention and control. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Development of Biological Pesticides Based on RNA Interference GAO Liwen, CHEN Shiguo, ZHANG Yu, QIANG Sheng Chinese Journal of Biological Control    2022, 38 (3): 700-715.   DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2021.11.015 Abstract （549）      PDF（pc） （511KB）（1146）       Knowledge map    Save RNA interference, also known as post transcriptional gene silencing, is an emerging new genetic engineering technique that can effectively silence or inhibits the expression of target genes. Biopesticides based on RNA interference are considered as a revolutionary technique in the field of plant protection in the future, which will completely change the ideas and strategies of controlling agricultural diseases, insects, weeds and other pests. Here, the basic principle and development process of RNA interference were briefly reviewed. The current status of research and application of RNAi biopesticides was summarized. The opportunities and challenges to develop RNAi biopesticides as well as its development prospect were deeply analyzed. This review serves to provide some valuable references for the development of RNAi biopesticides in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research and Application of Nanoparticle-mediated RNAi Technology in Pest Control WANG Xiaodi, JI Shunxia, SHEN Xiaona, LIU Wanxue, WAN Fanghao, ZHANG Guifen, Lü Zhichuang Chinese Journal of Biological Control    2021, 37 (6): 1298-1312.   DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2021.01.020 Abstract （238）      PDF（pc） （2140KB）（1110）       Knowledge map    Save Each year, the epidemic and outbreak of major diseases and pests will have a major impact on agriculture, resulting in serious economic losses, with the application of chemical reagents its resistance has gradually increased, therefore, it is of great significance to explore new green, safe and efficient pest control technology. RNAi, as a tool to study gene function, has shown great potential in developing new pest control strategies. However, the efficiency of RNAi is limited by the degradation effect of nuclease. In order to improve the effective delivery of dsRNA, nanoparticle-mediated technology was developed and widely used in pest control. At the same time, the efficient synthesis of targeted insect dsRNA based on engineered bacteria provides feasibility and technical support for field promotion. This paper mainly summarized the research and application of RNAi technology and nanoparticle-mediated technology in pest control. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Visual System and Opsin in Insect TANG Yanhong, BI Siyan, WANG Xiaodi, MA Dongfang, YANG Nianwan, GUO Jianyang, LÜ Zhichuang, LIU Wanxue Chinese Journal of Biological Control    2023, 39 (3): 718-730.   DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2023.05.004 Abstract （160）      PDF（pc） （1851KB）（991）       Knowledge map    Save Insects have a well-developed and sensitive visual system, and opsin is a basic component of animal vision, and its structure largely determines the sensitivity of visual pigments to light of different wavelengths. The duplication and differentiation of opsin genes are the main mechanisms for the production of new light pigment sensitivity. Throughout the evolution of animals, many instances of opsin gene duplication and loss have occurred, forming the sensitivity of the various animal visual systems we observe today. In recent years, extensive and in-depth research has been carried out on visual proteins. This article describes the types of photoreceptors, the color vision system of insects, the classification of visual proteins, the phenomenon of co-expression of visual proteins, the duplication and deletion of visual protein genes, and the mechanism and research status of the physiological functions of visual proteins. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Terminologies and Definitions of Microbial Pesticides WANG Yiyan, YUAN Shankui, NONG Xiangqun, LI Mei Chinese Journal of Biological Control    2022, 38 (2): 283-288.   DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2021.07.010 Abstract （348）      PDF（pc） （330KB）（948）       Knowledge map    Save In this paper, the common terminologies and definitions of microbial pesticides were summarized with reference to the microbial pesticide related guidelines and standards of FAO, WHO and China and in combination with the research progress of microbial classification and identification. The paper provides a reference for scientific cognition of microbial pesticides and promotion the standardized development of the microbial pesticide industry. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Systematic Strategy of Ecologically Based Pest Management of Insect Pest Population at Landscape Scales ZHAO Zihua, MA Jianhua, GAO Feng, ZHANG Rong Chinese Journal of Biological Control    2021, 37 (5): 855-862.   DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2021.07.001 Abstract （393）      PDF（pc） （488KB）（935）       Knowledge map    Save In the past decade, the regional distribution and ecologically based pest management (EBPM) of pest populations have become a hot topic in integrated pest management (IPM). Although EBPM techniques have been successfully applied in the field level to control many agricultural pests with sustainable and green characteristics, the systematic strategies of EBPM from field level to regional scale still lack. In order to solve regional EBPM of agricultural pests, we summarized the landscape characteristics of pest population, including regional distribution, heterogeneity, diffusivity, outbreak, and synergy. Then, we clarified the systematic strategies of regional EBPM, which included preventive management, targeted management and post-outbreak control. A regional strategy of prevention, management, and control would be effective to suppress outbreak of agricultural pests. Finally, we summarized the advantage of regional EBPM in the future, which emphasize safety, efficiency, precision and sustainability of insect pest management. Therefore, the regional EBPM is an inevitable choice to ensure the ecological security and agricultural food production in the future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Summary of Research on Insect Chitinase and Its Application LI Chunchun, GOU Yuping, ZHANG Kexin, ZHANG Qiangyan, LIU Changzhong Chinese Journal of Biological Control    2022, 38 (4): 1020-1029.   DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2021.09.023 Abstract （401）      PDF（pc） （745KB）（928）       Knowledge map    Save Chitin,a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide biological polymer in nature,is the main structural component of insect epidermis,midgut peritrophic membrane and tracheal system,protecting insects from chemical erosion,physical damage,and pathogen invasion.Recently,more and more attention is paid to insect chitinase for its role in pest control,for it could degrade chitin in insect body wall and peritrophic membrane.By regulating chitinase,the growth and development of insects will be affected directly and even be controlled effectively.This paper summarized the structure,gene expression characteristics,physiological functions,and influence factors of insect chitinase,as well as its application and shortcomings in pest control,in order to provide a scientific basis for the further development and application of insect chitinase in the field of plant protection. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Population Fitness of the Hoverfly, Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer) (Diptera:Syrphidae) Fed on Different Aphid Species JIANG Shanshan, LI Hui, HE Limei, WU Kongming Chinese Journal of Biological Control    2023, 39 (2): 254-263.   DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2022.03.012 Abstract （283）      PDF（pc） （485KB）（928）       Knowledge map    Save Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer) is one of the most common predatory natural enemies in agricultural ecosystems. It has dual ecological service functions of pollination and biological control and plays an important role in improving crop yield and protecting biodiversity. However, the proper aphid species for artificial rearing of the predator is still unclear. Our study on the relationship between three aphid species, Aphis craccivora Koch, Myzus persicae Sulzer, and Megoura japonica Matsumura and fitness of E. balteatus showed that the developmental durations of larva (5.9 d) and pupa (6.0 d) with M. japonica were significantly shorter than those with the other preys, and the larval survival rate (80.0%) was the largest; the highest pupation rate (88.4%) and pupal emergence rate (100.0%) were attained with the prey A. craccivora, the lowest pupation rate (47.6%) and pupal emergence rate (49.6%) were recorded with M. persicae; With A. craccivora, M. persicae and M. japonica, the average generation period (T) of the predator was 30.26 d, 32.41 d and 32.34 d, respectively; the intrinsic rate of increases (r) was 0.1581, 0.0953 and 0.1424, respectively; and the finite rate of increase (λ) was 1.1713, 1.1002 and 1.1531, respectively. Flight ability tests showed that prey species had a significant effect on the flight velocity of adults, the highest velocity (0.29 m/s) was recorded with the prey M. japonica, in contrast to the lowest velocity (0.23 m/s) with M. persicae. This study indicates that M. japonica is a suitable aphid species for artificial rearing of E. balteatus, which is of theoretical and practical significance for large-scale rearing and utilization of the biocontrol and pollination ecological service functions of E. balteatus. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Population Dynamics and Damage of Grapholitha molesta Busck Exposed to High Concentration Sex Pheromone and Insecticide Stress LIU Zhongfang, ZHANG Min, SUN Xiaoting, ZHANG Pengjiu, YANG Jing, GAO Yue, FAN Jianbin, FAN Renjun Chinese Journal of Biological Control    2021, 37 (5): 914-919.   DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2021.09.014 Abstract （257）      PDF（pc） （359KB）（909）       Knowledge map    Save Population dynamics and damage of Grapholitha molesta Busck were measured under different treatment conditions such as sex pheromone mating disruption and insecticide in pear orchards in Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province from 2019 to 2020. The results showed that the population dynamics of G. molesta were similar in the mating disruption plot, the mating disruption plus insecticide plot, the insecticide plot, and the CK plot in the 2 years, which was characterized by decreasing population densities year by year. Among them, the population size of G. molesta in the mating disruption plus insecticide plot was significantly lower than that in the other plots and the trap catches moths were 98.20 and 67.20, respectively. The mating rate and the rate of bored fruit were significantly reduced in the mating disruption plot and the mating disruption plus insecticide plot. In conclusion, the combination of sex pheromone and insecticide can reduce the population size, mating rate and damage of G. molesta. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress and Prospect of Microbial Metabolite Pesticides Research, Development and Application in China HE Ya-Wen, LI Guangyue, TAN Hong, KANG Qianjin, GE Beibei, ZHAO Yangyang, ZHANG Kecheng, JIANG Xiliang, LIU Fengquan, LI Yaning, ZHANG Hongyan, BAI Lingquan, XIANG Wensheng, QIU Dewen, YANG Ziwen, DENG Zixin Chinese Journal of Biological Control    2022, 38 (3): 537-548.   DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2022.02.028 Abstract （556）      PDF（pc） （1924KB）（888）       Knowledge map    Save Microbial metabolite pesticide (MMP) contains the microbial fermentation metabolite as the main active component and is effective in the prevention of both plant disease and weed problems or in the promotion of plant growth and development. MMPs mainly include the agricultural antibiotics, plant immune elicitor and plant growth regulator, they are the most widely used biopesticides in China. MMP has both preventive and therapeutic effects on plant disease, therefore, it is one of the important areas for the future development of green pesticides. In this review we summarize the major MMPs, their characteristics, and latest research and development progress. We then discuss the problems, challenges and prospects of MMP research, development and application in China, and provide a reference for the future research and development of new MMP. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effect of Nectar Plant Cosmos bipinnata on the Population Dynamics of Predatory Natural Enemies FANG Yan, WANG Jie, TAN Yang, WANG Su, JIN Zhenyu, LI Shu Chinese Journal of Biological Control    2021, 37 (5): 877-884.   DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2021.07.025 Abstract （309）      PDF（pc） （421KB）（882）       Knowledge map    Save Nectar plant, an important part of conservation biological control, can support the colonization of natural enemies in filed and enhance pest biological control. In order to evaluate the effect of nectar plants on natural enemies, population dynamics of natural enemies and pests in Cosmos bipinnata, Lythrum salicaria, Symphyotrichum novi-belgii strips were compared with those in the natural weed area, and the impact of cosmos on ladybird and aphid populations were evaluated under different planting densities. Results showed that, in comparison with the natural weed area, the population size of natural enemies and pests in L. salicaria was higher, and the population size of natural enemies in cosmos strip was higher while that of the pests was less, where the predatory ladybirds were the dominant natural enemies. The population size of ladybirds and aphids in cosmos differed significantly between planting densities, higher in cosmos strip with 50% planting density than that with 100% planting density, and the ratio of natural enemies to pests was significantly higher in cosmos strips of the two planting densities than that of the natural weed area. This study indicates that cosmos strip attracts and conserves natural enemies in filed and can be potentially used as nectar plants in habitat management for conservation biological control. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Main Types and Management of Common Formulations of Microbial Pesticides in China WANG Yiyan, YUAN Shankui, NONG Xiangqun, LI Mei Chinese Journal of Biological Control    2021, 37 (4): 640-645.   DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2021.07.011 Abstract （411）      PDF（pc） （322KB）（877）       Knowledge map    Save This paper summarized the definitions, characteristics, and registration status of the common formulations of microbial pesticides, as well as the various items for quality control of each formulation product. The current problems in the management of microbial pesticide formulations were analyzed, and some suggestions for improvement. The purpose is to enhance the scientific management of microbial pesticide formulations and promote the industry development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review of Fungal Endophytes on Plant Growth Promotion and Stress Resistance SUI Li, WAN Tingyu, LU Yang, XU Wenjing, ZHANG Zhengkun, LI Qiyun Chinese Journal of Biological Control    2021, 37 (6): 1325-1331.   DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2021.06.024 Abstract （529）      PDF（pc） （425KB）（870）       Knowledge map    Save Fungal endophytes generally exist in plant tissues and have positive effects on plant growth, a mutualism relationship was formed with host plants during long-term coevolution. The aim of the present review is to summarize the ecological functions of fungal endophytes for plant growth promoting, and stress resistance. Finally, future research directions for the innovative use of fungal endophytes were discussed. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review on Registration and Management of Bio-pesticide in China ZHANG Hongjun, TAO Lingmei, LIU Xue, HUANG Xiuzhu Chinese Journal of Biological Control    2022, 38 (1): 9-17.   DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2022.01.012 Abstract （404）      PDF（pc） （417KB）（840）       Knowledge map    Save The bio-pesticides include biochemical pesticides, microbial pesticides, and botanical pesticides. Even though the percentage of bio-pesticides in the market is not very high, it is hopeful for the development of bio-pesticides. The bio-pesticides could help to reduce the usage of chemical pesticides, confirm the safety of agricultural products, ecological environment and pest control in the specific crops. The recent status of bio-pesticides registration management, the achievements of the bio-pesticides industry, some problems were summarized and discussed in this paper. Some helpful suggestions for the development of bio-pesticides in the future were also pointed out for the reference of the relative stakeholders for bio-pesticides. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Occurrence of Cicadella viridis and the Biology of Its Egg Parasitoids in Xinjiang ZHAO Qian, LIN Siyu, ZHULIDEZI Aishan, ZHONG Wen, HU Hongying Chinese Journal of Biological Control    2022, 38 (1): 29-41.   DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2021.03.009 Abstract （319）      PDF（pc） （2885KB）（838）       Knowledge map    Save Cicadella viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera:Cicadellidae) is an insect pest with wide host range and attacks various crops including maize Zea mays L.. As important biocontrol agents, parasitoids usually provide efficient natural control of insect pests. This study aimed to clarify the occurrence of C. viridis as well as the biological characteristics of its egg parasitoids in Xinjiang, which may provide basic information that can benefit the conservation of native parasitic natural enemies and the biological control of C. viridis via mass-rearing and release of parasitoids. During 2014-2015, the life history of C. viridis was investigated in Manas National Wetland Park. C. viridis had two generations annually and overwintered as eggs in this region. Two egg parasitoid species of C. viridis were identified, Paracentrobia exilimaculata Hu & Lin was a worldwide first report parasitizing C. viridis and Gonatocerus longicornis Nees was a first report in China. The natural parasitism rate by the dominant egg parasitoid G. longicornis peaked in early September (74.96%) and averaged 49.70%. The eclosion rate and the sex ratio increased and then decreased with the increase of temperature from 15℃ to 40℃. The immature stage (from egg to adult emergence) took 9 to 16 days, averaging 14. 25 days. The lifespan of adult wasps fed with 15% honey solution ranged from 6 to12 days (Female:9.38 d; Male:8.50 d), and the females lived 1-2 days longer than the males. The optimal rearing conditions for G. longicornis were 30℃, 45% RH and photoperiod 14L:10D, and these conditions favored its parasitization of C. viridis. The parasitoid has high potential for the biological control against C. viridis. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review on the Occurrence and Management Technology of Ceracris kiangsu in China LI Hongmei, WANG Junya, ZHUO Fuyan, ZHU Jingquan, TU Xiongbing, ZHANG Guocai, BELINDA Luke Chinese Journal of Biological Control    2022, 38 (2): 531-536.   DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2021.05.001 Abstract （313）      PDF（pc） （396KB）（827）       Knowledge map    Save The yellow-spined bamboo locust, Ceracris kiangsu, usually damages bamboo forests historically. C. kiangsu invaded Yunnan Province of China from Laos and Vietnam in June, 2020 and has since caused serious damage to agricultural crops there. This paper reviewed the history and current situation of occurrence of C. kiangsu, and then analyzed the causes of serious occurrence and the main control measures against different development stages of C. kiangsu. In the end, the research progresses of the natural enemies and biopesticides for control of C. kiangsu were specifically summarized, with the aim to aid the management and control of C. kiangsu in agricultural areas in the future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Screening of Host Species for the Mass Rearing of Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) WU Zhimei, ZHAN Youguo, KE Changlei, LI Weijie, WANG Zhijiang, FENG Guangyun, GAO Xi, WU Guoxing, XIE Yonghui Chinese Journal of Biological Control    2021, 37 (6): 1140-1145.   DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2021.03.020 Abstract （269）      PDF（pc） （384KB）（820）       Knowledge map    Save Telenomus remus Nixon is an important egg parasitic natural enemy of a variety of noctuid insects (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In this study, the parasitism and offspring development of T. remus on 5 host species (Spodoptera litura, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera exigua, Helicoverpa assulta, and Helicoverpa armigera) were compared in terms of parasitism rate, emergence rate, female ratio, and body size. The results showed that T. remus had the highest parasitism rate on S. litura eggs (94.48%), followed by S. frugiperda eggs (92.11%), and lower rates on H. assulta and H. armigera eggs (34.08% and 50.75%, respectively). The tibia of hind leg of female T. remus emerging from the eggs of S. frugiperda (166.48 μm) was longer than that of the female wasp emerging from the eggs of S. litura (159.22 μm). However, the emergence rate was lower from the eggs of S. frugiperda (68.06%) than that from the eggs of S. litura (92.04%). Fecundity was higher in wasps emerging from S. litura eggs than from eggs of the other four host species. These results indicated that S. litura could be a promising host for mass rearing of T. remus. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Research Progress on the Effects of Entomopathogenic Fungi on Natural Enemies YAN Sen, REN Xiaoyun, WANG Dengjie, ZHANG Ye, ZHANG Zhike, GUO Jiyuan, WANG Haihong, LEI Zhongren, WU Shengyong Chinese Journal of Biological Control    2023, 39 (1): 221-230.   DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2022.01.014 Abstract （465）      PDF（pc） （757KB）（813）       Knowledge map    Save Entomopathogenic fungi, the important microbial insecticides, have been widely used in biological control of agricultural and forestry pests. Because of the wide range of hosts and active infection, entomopathogens, when infecting or killing the target pests, may have potential pathogenic or sublethal risks to non-target arthropods including insect natural enemies. In this paper, we summarized the progress in application of entomopathogens for pest control and the negative effects of entomopathogens on natural enemies, and provided perspectives on the future development direction of combined application of the high potential entomopathogenic fungi pesticides and natural enemy organisms in pest management. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress on the Diversity of Color Pattern Subtypes in Harmonia axyridis XIAO Da, TIAN Renbin, CHEN Xu, WU Mengmeng, XU Qingxuan, ZHANG Junming, ZANG Liansheng, WANG Su Chinese Journal of Biological Control    2022, 38 (4): 1009-1019.   DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2021.07.017 Abstract （201）      PDF（pc） （848KB）（812）       Knowledge map    Save Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) is an important predatory natural enemy in agriculture and forestry that has a strong predatory ability to aphids,spider mite,scale insect,among the others.Besides,H.axyridis has emerged as a research hotspot in insect genetics and physiology study for the diversity of the elytra color patterns.The elytra of H.axyridis is basically black or yellow as the basic color,inlaid with yellow or black spots.According to the basic color of elytra,the insect is simply divided into black and yellow patterns.In this paper,we summarized and analyzed the differences of subtypes in H.axyridis in geographic distribution,biological characteristics,environmental adaptability,prey capacity,assortative mating,tolerance and other aspects,to provide a comprehensive reference for the large-scale breeding and artificial release of H.axyridis.In addition,we also summarized the internal causes of diverse color patterns in H.axyridis from genetic mechanism and physiological pathway aspects.The classical "mosaic dominant inheritance" theory and the newly discovered regulation mechanism of transcription factor Pannier are the important genetic mechanisms of diverse color pattern in H.axyridis.The dopamine melanin synthesis pathway is the main physiological pathway for the melanization in H.axyridis. Furthermore,the future research directions of H.axyridis were outlooked from the aspects of artificial breeding,release applications,and a model insect for the intraspecific phenotypic diversity research. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Influence of Releasing Hippodamia variegate at Different Natural Enemy/Pest Ratios on the Control and Colonization of Aphids craccivora on Cowpea in Protected Cultivation GUO Peipei, PATIMA·Wumuerhan, REN Haohui, Tuersunayi·Aisan, MA Deying Chinese Journal of Biological Control    2022, 38 (2): 312-320.   DOI: 10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2021.05.002 Abstract （182）      PDF（pc） （399KB）（808）       Knowledge map    Save Aphis craccivora (Koch) is an important cowpea pest, which often causes serious loss to yield and quality in cowpea. Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) is an important natural enemy of A. craccivora in cowpea production greenhouse. Adults of H. variegata were released at the natural enemy/pest ratios of 1:10, 1:20, 1:40, 1:60, and 1:80 on cowpea in the greenhouse, and cowpea unreleased with H. variegata was used as the control. To determine the best natural enemy/pest ratios for sustained control of A. craccivora by releasing H. variegata, we investigated the decline rate of the released A. craccivora, colonization rate and growth rate of H. variegate, the control efficiency of the released natural enemy against A. craccivora, and the population dynamics of A. craccivora and H. variegata. The results showed that control of A. craccivora was over 90% at 5—35 d after release of predators at the natural enemy/pest ratios of 1:10 and 1:20. However, colonization of H. variegata in the greenhouse was low and the cost was high. When the predators were released at the natural enemy/pest ratios of 1:80, the control of A. craccivora was above 60% at 3―7 d after release and the effective period was only 7 d. The colonization rate and growth rate of H. variegata increased. When the natural enemy/pest ratios were 1:60 and 1:80, the control was low in late stage and the effective duration was short, but the colonization rate of the predators was higher than that of the other natural enemy/pest ratios. The natural enemy/pest ratio of 1:40 was characterized by high control of A. craccivora and colonization of H. variegata in the greenhouses and could afford sustainable control of cowpea A. craccivora. These results indicate that the natural enemy/pest ratio of 1:40 can be used as a reference for control of A. craccivora in cowpea production in greenhouse. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）